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xmsµR…VƒyLRiª«s µy*xmsLRi¸R…VVgRiª«sVVÍÜ[ ®µ…[ª«s ª«sVx¤¦¦¦L<ji ªyùxqsV\®²… @ª«s»R½LjiLi¿RÁVƒ«sV. @xmso²R…V ®ƒs[ƒ«sV ¹¸…WgRi„sµR…ùƒ«sV gRiLRixmsoÈÁ\ZNP g][NRPLñRiV²R…\®ƒs @ª«s»R½LjiLi¿RÁgRiÌÁƒ«sV (15). ®ƒs[ƒ«sV @ª«s»R½LjiLiÀÁƒ«s xqósÌÁª«sVV g][NRPLñRiª«sƒ«sª«sVV @ƒ«s‡Á²R…Vƒ«sV. A @ª«s»yLRiª«sVVÍÜ[ NRPW²R… ƒyNRPV ÇÁÌÁª«sVVª«sÛÍÁ ¬sLRiøÌÁ\®ªsVƒ«s ¹¸…WgRiVÌÁV xmsoú»R½VÌÁgRiVµR…VLRiV. g][NRPLñRiª«sƒ«sª«sVV xmsLRiª«sVxms„sú»R½\®ªsVƒ«sµj… (16). NSaRPùxmso²R…V, DaRPƒ«sxqsV²R…V, ¿RÁùª«sƒ«sV²R…V ª«sVLji¸R…VV ‡ÁXx¤¦¦¦xqsö¼½ @ƒ«sVƒ«s„s ªyLji }msLýRiV. ªyLRiV NRPW²R… @®µ…[ ¹¸…WgRiª«sWLæRiª«sVVƒ«sƒ«sVxqsLjiLiÀÁ bPª«so¬s µ³yª«sVª«sVVƒ«s ¿Á[LRigRiÌÁLRiV (17). xmsµR…V®ƒs[²R…ª«s µy*xmsLRiª«sVVÍÜ[ ®µ…[ª«sNRPX»R½LiÇÁ¸R…VV²R…V ªyùxqsV²R…gRiVƒ«sV. @xmso²R…V ®ƒs[ƒ«sV „sVNTPäÖÁ Fs¾»^½Qòƒ«sµj…, aRPV˳ÏÁNRPLRiª«sVV, ª«sV¥¦¦¦ÌÁ¸R…Vª«sVƒ«sV }msLRiV gRiÌÁµj… @gRiV z¤¦¦¦ª«sWÌÁ¸R…V bPÅÁLRiª«sVVƒ«sLiµR…V gRiV¥¦¦¦ªyzqs @ƒ«sV }msLRiV»][ @ª«s»R½LjiLi¿ÁµR…ƒ«sV. D»R½´R…Vù²R…V, ªyª«sV®µ…[ª«so²R…V, ª«sV¥¦¦¦¹¸…WgRiV²R…V, ª«sV¥¦¦¦‡ÁÌÁV²R…V @ƒ«sV ªyLRiV ƒyNRPV xmsoú»R½VÌÁV NSgRiÌÁLRiV (18, 19). xmsµR…V®ƒs¬s„sVµR…ª«s µy*xmsLRi¸R…VVgRiª«sVVÍÜ[ ‡ÁVV»R½LiÇÁ¸R…VV²R…V ªyùxqsV²R…gRiVƒ«sV. @xmso²R…V ®ƒs[ƒ«sV xmsLRiª«sVxms„sú»R½\®ªsVƒ«sµj…, aRPV˳ÏÁNRPLRi\®ªsVƒ«sµj…, zqsµôðR…ZOP[QQú»R½ª«sV¬s úxmszqsµôðj…gSLiÀÁƒ«sµj… @gRiV z¤¦¦¦ª«sWÌÁ¸R…V bPÅÁLRiª«sVVƒ«sLiµR…V bPÅÁLi²T… ¸R…Vƒ«sV }msLRiV»][ @ª«s»R½LjiLi¿RÁgRiÌÁƒ«sV. A bPÅÁLi²T… DLi®²…[ ª«sƒ«sª«sVVƒ«s NRPW²y zqsµôðR…VÌÁV }qs„sLi¿ÁµR…LRiV (20, 21).

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»R½ú»yzms ª«sVª«sV ¾»½[ xmsoú»y ˳ÏÁ„sxtsQùLi»R½ xqsV¹¸…Wgjiƒ«sM e xqsVª«sVLi»R½VLRi*LRi*Lji Lji*µy*ƒ±s NRP‡ÁLiµ³R…M NRPVbPNRPLiµ³R…LRiM ee 27

GNRP„sLiZaP[ ¸R…VVgRiV »R½zqsøƒ±s ªyùr¡ ªy¿RÁaRP+Qûªy ¸R…Vµy e »R½µyx¤¦¦¦Li µyLRiVN][ ƒyª«sV »R½ryø µôyLRiVª«sƒ«sLi aRPV˳ÏÁª±sV ee 28

A @ª«s»yLRiª«sVVƒ«sLiµR…V NRPW²R… ƒyNRPV ªy¿RÁaRP+Qûª«sxqsV²R…V, LRiVÀdÁNRPV²R…V, ryùªyxqsVù²R…V, ª«sVLji¸R…VV ¸R…V¼d½aRP*LRiV²R…V @ƒ«sV »R½F¡µ³R…ƒ«sVÌÁgRiV xmsoú»R½VÌÁV NRPÌÁVgRigRiÌÁLRiV (22). xmsLiµ]„sVøµR…ª«s µy*xmsLRiª«sVVÍÜ[ ˳ÏÁLRiµy*ÇÁ ª«sVx¤¦¦¦L<ji ªyùxqsV²R…V NSgRiÌÁ²R…V. @xmso²R…V NRPW²R… ®ƒs[ƒ«sV ÇÁÉص³yLji\®ƒs ª«sWÖÁ¸R…Vƒ«sV }msLRiV»][ @ª«s»R½LjiLi¿RÁgRiÌÁƒ«sV (23). ®ƒs[ƒ«sV z¤¦¦¦ª«sWÌÁ¸R…V bPÅÁLRiª«sVVƒ«sLiµR…V @ª«s»R½LjiLi¿ÁµR…ƒ«sV. A @ª«s»yLRiª«sVVÍÜ[ ƒyNRPV xqsª«sVVúµR…ª«sVVª«sÛÍÁ gRiLiÕ³dÁLRixqs*˳ت«sª«sVV gRiÌÁ ƒ«sÌÁVgRiVLRiV xmsoú»R½VÌÁV DLi®²…µR…LRiV. z¤¦¦¦LRißáVù²R…V, N_aRPÌÁVù²R…V, ÍÜ[NSOTPQ ª«sVLji¸R…VV úxmsµ³j…„sV @ƒ«sVƒ«s„s ªyLji }msLýRiV (24). BLRiVª«sµj…¸R…Vª«s µy*xmsLRi¸R…VVgRiª«sVVÍÜ[ g][»R½ª«sVV²R…V ªyùxqsV²R…V NSgRiÌÁ²R…V. @®µ…[ xqsª«sV¸R…Vª«sVVÍÜ[ ®ƒs[ƒ«sV @ÈíÁ¥¦¦¦xqsV²R…ƒ«sV }msLRi @ª«s»R½LjiLi¿RÁgRiÌÁƒ«sV. ª«sWƒ«sª«soÌÁNRPV @ÈíÁ¥¦¦¦xqsª«sVƒ«sõ ú{ms¼½ ®ªsVLi²R…V (25). z¤¦¦¦ª«sWÌÁ¸R…Vª«sVVÌÁÍÜ[ @ÈíÁ ¥¦¦¦xqsª«sVƒ«sV |msµôR… xmsLRi*»R½ª«sVV gRiÌÁµR…V. µy¬s¬s ®µ…[ª«s»R½ÌÁV, ª«sVƒ«sVxtsvùÌÁV, ¸R…VORPQQúxms˳ÏÁVª«soÌÁV8, zqsµôðR…VÌÁV ª«sVLji¸R…VV ¿yLRißáVÌÁV }qs„sLi¿ÁµR…LRiV (26). A @ª«s»yLRiª«sVVÍÜ[ NRPW²R… ƒyNRPV xqsVª«sVLi»R½V²R…V, „sµy*LixqsV²R…gRiV ª«sLRi*Lji, NRP‡ÁLiµ³R…V²R…V, NRPVbPNRPLiµ³R…LRiV²R…V @ƒ«sV g]xmsö ¹¸…WgRiVÌÁV xmsoú»R½VÌÁV NSgRiÌÁLRiV (27). BLRiVª«sµj… INRPÈÁª«s µy*xmsLRi¸R…VVgRiª«sVVÍÜ[ ªy¿RÁaRPûQ+ª«sxqsV²R…V ªyùxqsV²R…gRiVƒ«sV. @xmso²R…V ®ƒs[ƒ«sV µyLRiVNRPV²R…ƒ«sV }msLRi @ª«s»R½LjiLi¿ÁµR…ƒ«sV. ®ƒs[ƒ«sV @ª«s»R½LjiLiÀÁƒ«s aRPV˳ÏÁª«sƒ«sª«sVVƒ«sNRPV µyLRiVª«sƒ«sª«sV¬s }msLRiV (28).

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µy*„sLiZaP[ xmsLjiª«slLi[ò »R½V ªyùxqsaRPV+uyø¸R…VßãÜ[ ¸R…Vµy e »R½µyxmsùx¤¦¦¦Li ˳ÏÁ„suyù„sV ªyLSßáryùLi ª«sV¥¦¦¦ª«sVV¬sM ee 30

ƒyª«sWõQQ\®ªs ÍØLigRiÖdÁ Õ³dÁ®ªsW ¸R…Vú»R½ ®µ…[ªyxqs=ªyxqsªyM e úµR…ORPQQùLi¼½ ª«sWLi NRPÍÝ »R½zqsøƒ±s ˳ÏÁª«sLi \¿Áª«s x¤¦¦¦ÍظR…VVµ³R…ª±sV ee 31

»R½ú»yzms ª«sVª«sV ¾»½[ xmsoú»y ˳ÏÁ„sxtsQùLi¼½ xqsVµ³yLjiøNSM e ˳ÏÁÌýÁ„ds ª«sVµ³R…VzmsLigRiaRPè ZaP[*»R½ZNP[»R½VxqsòQ\®´…ª«s ¿RÁ ee 32

xmsLjiª«slLi[ò ú»R½¹¸…W„sLiZaP[ »R½XßáÕÁLiµR…VLRiùµy ª«sVV¬sM e ZaP[*»][ ƒyª«sV »R½µyx¤¦¦¦Li \®ªsgjiL_ NSÌÁLiÇÁlLi[ aRPVÛ˳Á[ ee 33

»R½ú»yzms ª«sVª«sV ¾»½[ xmsoú»y ˳ÏÁ„sxtsQùLi¼½ »R½xmszqs*ƒ«sM e DbPN][ ‡ÁXx¤¦¦¦µR…aRP*aRPè ®µ…[ª«sÌÁM e NRP„slLi[ª«s ¿RÁ ee 34

xmsLjiª«slLi[ò ¿RÁ»R½VLji*LiZaP[ ªyùr¡ ¸R…VO][Q ¸R…Vµy „s˳ÏÁVM e aRPWÖdÁ ƒyª«sV ª«sV¥¦¦¦¹¸…Wgki »R½µR…Vùlgi[ \®ƒs„sV}tsQ »R½µy ee 35

»R½ú»yzms ª«sVª«sV ¾»½[ bPuyù ˳ÏÁ„sxtsQùLi¼½ »R½xmszqs*ƒ«sM e aSÖÁx¤¦Ü[ ú»ygjiõ®ªs[aRPaRPè ¸R…VVª«sƒyaRP*aRP+LRiµR…*xqsVM ee 36

A @ª«s»yLRiª«sVV ƒ«sLiµR…V NRPW²y ƒyNRPV xmýsORPV²R…V, µyLS÷é¸R…VßÓá, ZNP[»R½Vª«sVLi»R½V²R…V ª«sVLji¸R…VV g_»R½ª«sVV²R…V @®ƒs[ ¹¸…WgkiaRP*LRiVÌÁgRiV xmsoú»R½VÌÁV NRPÌÁVgRigRiÌÁLRiV (29). BLRiVª«sµj… lLiLi²R…ª«s µy*xmsLRiª«sVVÍÜ[ aRPVuyø¸R…VßáV²R…V ªyùxqsV²R…V NSgS, ®ƒs[ƒ«sV NRPW²y @xmso²R…V ªyLSßázqsÍÜ[ ª«sVx¤¦¦¦L<jiQ\®ƒs @ª«s»R½LjiLi¿RÁgRiÌÁƒ«sV (30). ƒy }msLRiV @xmso²R…V ÍØLigRiÖdÁÕ³dÁª«sVV²R…V @¬s DLi²R…gRiÌÁµR…V. A @ª«s»yLRiª«sVVÍÜ[ BLiúµyµj… ®µ…[ª«s»R½ÌÁV A NRPÖÁ¸R…VVgRiª«sVVÍÜ[ ƒy¸R…VLiµR…V ƒygRiÖÁ @ƒ«sV A¸R…VVµ³R…ª«sVVƒ«sV µ³R…LjiLiÀÁƒ«s bPª«so¬s µR…Lji+Li¿RÁgRiÌÁLRiV (31). A @ª«s»yLRiª«sVV ƒ«sLiµR…V NRPW²y ƒyNRPV ˳ÏÁÌýÁ„s, ª«sVµ³R…VzmsLigRiV²R…V, ZaP[*»R½ZNP[»R½Vª«so @ƒ«sV xmsLRiª«sVµ³yLjiøNRPVÌÁgRiV xmsoú»R½VÌÁV NRPÌÁVgRigRiÌÁLRiV (32). BLRiVª«sµj… ª«sVW²R…ª«s µy*xmsLRiª«sVVÍÜ[ »R½XßáÕÁLiµR…Vª«so ªyùxqsV²R…V NSgS, ®ƒs[ƒ«sV ZaP[*»R½V²R…ƒ«sV }msLRiV»][ xms„sú»R½ª«sVgRiV NSÌÁLiÇÁLRi xmsLRi*»R½ª«sVVƒ«sLiµR…V @ª«s»R½LjiLi¿ÁµR…ƒ«sV (33). A @ª«s»yLRiª«sVVƒ«sLiµR…V NRPW²R… ƒyNRPV DbPNRPV²R…V, ‡ÁXx¤¦¦¦µR…aRPV*²R…V, ®µ…[ª«sÌÁV²R…V ª«sVLji¸R…VV NRP„s @ƒ«sV »R½xmsaS+ÌÁVLRigRiV ƒ«sÌæÁVLRiV NRPVª«sWLRiVÌÁV NRPÌÁVgRigRiÌÁLRiV (34). BLRiVª«sµj… ƒyÌæÁª«s µy*xmsLRiª«sVVÍÜ[ ¸R…VORPV²R…V ªyùxqs „s˳ÏÁV²R…V NSgS, @®µ…[ ¸R…VVgRiª«sVVÍÜ[ ®ƒs[ƒ«sV aRPWÖÁ¸R…Vƒ«sV }msLRiVgRiÌÁ ª«sV¥¦¦¦¹¸…Wgji\®ƒs \®ƒs„sVuyLRißáùª«sVVƒ«sLiµR…V @ª«s»R½LjiLi¿ÁµR…ƒ«sV (35). A @ª«s»yLRiª«sVVƒ«sLiµR…V NRPW²y aSÖÁx¤¦Ü[ú»R½V²R…V, @gjiõ®ªs[aRPV²R…V, ¸R…VVª«sƒyaRPV*²R…V ª«sVLji¸R…VV aRPLRiµR…*xqsVª«so @ƒ«sV »R½xmsaS+ÌÁVLRigRiV bPxtsvùÌÁV ƒyNRPV DLi²R…gRiÌÁLRiV (36).

xmsLi¿RÁ„sLiZaP[ ¸R…Vµy ªyùxqsaRP+QQNTPò LSõª«sWõ ˳ÏÁ„sxtsQù¼½ e »R½µyxmsùx¤¦¦¦Li ª«sV¥¦¦¦¹¸…Wgki µR…Li²U… ª«sVVLi²U…aRP*LRiM úxms˳ÏÁVM ee 37

»R½ú»yzms ª«sVª«sV ¾»½[ bPuyù ˳ÏÁ„sxtsQùLi¼½ »R½xmszqs*ƒ«sM e ¿³RÁgRiÌÁM NRPVLi²R…NRPLñRiaRPè NRPVLi˳ØLi²R…aRPè úxmsªyx¤¦¦¦NRPM ee 38

ªyùxqsM xmsLSaRPL][¸R…VL>ji xtsQ²T…*Lia][ ˳ÏÁ„s»yxmsùx¤¦¦¦ª±sV e xmsoLRiLi ˳ÏÁúµR…ª«sÈÁLi úFyxmsù xqsz¤¦¦¦xtñsvLSõª«sV ƒyª«sV»R½M ee 39

»R½ú»yzms ª«sVª«sV ¾»½[ bPuyù ˳ÏÁ„sxtsQùLi¼½ »R½xmszqs*ƒ«sM e DÌÁWN][ „sµR…Vù»R½\ZaPQQ誫s aRPLi‡ÁWN][ ¥¦¦¦ùaRP*ÍظR…Vƒ«sM ee 40

xqsxmsò„sLiZaP[ ¸R…Vµy ªyùr¡ ÇØ»R½WNRPLñ][Qù ˳ÏÁ„sxtsQù¼½ e úxms˳Øxqs¼d½LóRiª«sWúbP»R½ù r¡ª«sVaRPLSø »R½µyxmsùx¤¦¦¦ª±sV ee 41

»R½ú»yzms ª«sVª«sV ¾»½[ bPuyù ˳ÏÁ„sxtsQùLi¼½ »R½xmszqs*ƒ«sM e @ORPQFyµR…M NRPVª«sWLRia][èÌÁWN][ ª«s»R½=xqsòQ\®´…ª«s¿RÁ ee 42

@uíy„sLiZaP[ µy*xmslLi[ »R½V xmsLSaRPLRixqsV»][ x¤¦¦¦LjiM e ¸R…Vµy ˳ÏÁ„sxtsQù¼½ ªyùr¡ ƒyª«sVƒy \®µ…Q*Fy¸R…Vƒ«sM úxms˳ÏÁVM ee 43

BLRiVª«sµj… @LiVVµR…ª«s µy*xmsLRiª«sVVÍÜ[ aRPNTPò¸R…Vƒ«sV ª«sVx¤¦¦¦L<ji ªyùxqsV²R…V NSgRiÌÁ²R…V. @xmso²R…V NRPW²y xqslLi[*aRP*LRiV²R…ƒ«sV, xqsLRi*aRPNTPò ª«sVLi»R½V²R…ƒ«sV @gRiV ®ƒs[ƒ«sV ª«sVVLi²T…»R½ bPLRixqsVä²R…V, µR…Li²R…µ³yLji @gRiV ª«sV¥¦¦¦¹¸…Wgji\®ƒs ÇÁ¬søLi¿ÁµR…ƒ«sV (37). A @ª«s»yLRiª«sVVƒ«sLiµR…V NRPW²R… ƒyNRPV ˳ÏÁgRiÌÁV²R…V, NRPVLi²R… NRPLñRiV²R…V, NRPVLi˳ØLi²R…V²R…V ª«sVLji¸R…VV úxmsªyx¤¦¦¦NRPV²R…V @ƒ«sV ƒ«sÌÁVgRiVLRiV »R½xmsaS+ÌÁVLRiV bPxtsvùÌÁV NSgRiÌÁLRiV (38). BLRiVª«sµj… ALRiª«s µy*xmsLRiª«sVVÍÜ[ xmsLSaRPLRiª«sVx¤¦¦¦L<ji ªyùxqsV²R…gRiVƒ«sV. @xmso²R…V NRPW²R… ®ƒs[ƒ«sV xqsz¤¦¦¦xtñsv²R…V @ƒ«sV }msLRi ˳ÏÁúµR…ª«sÈÁ ƒ«sgRiLRiª«sVVÍÜ[ @ª«s»R½LjiLi¿RÁgRiÌÁƒ«sV (39). A @ª«s»yLRiª«sVVƒ«sLiµR…V NRPW²R… DÌÁWNRPV²R…V, „sµR…Vù»R½V²R…V, aRPLi‡ÁWNRPV²R…V ª«sVLji¸R…VV AaRP*ÍظR…Vƒ«sV²R…V @ƒ«sV »R½xmsaS+ÌÁVLRiV ƒyNRPV bPxtsvùÌÁV NSgRiÌÁLRiV (40). BLRiVª«sµj… G²R…ª«s µy*xmsLRiª«sVVƒ«sLiµR…V ÇØ»R½WNRPLñRiVù²R…V ªyùxqsV²R…V NSgRiÌÁ²R…V. @xmsöV²R…V NRPW²R… ®ƒs[ƒ«sV r¡ª«sVaRPLRiø @ƒ«sV }msLRiV»][ úxms˳Øxqs¼d½LóRiª«sVVƒ«sLiµR…V @ª«s»R½LjiLi¿RÁgRiÌÁƒ«sV (41). @¿RÁÈÁ NRPW²y ƒyNRPV @ORPQFyµR…V²R…V, NRPVª«sWLRiV²R…V, DÌÁWNRPV²R…V ª«sVLji¸R…VV ª«s»R½V=²R…V @ƒ«sV »R½xmsaS+ÌÁVLRigRiV bPxtsvùÌÁV DLi²R…gRiÌÁLRiV (42). BLRi\®ªs Fs¬s„sVµR…ª«s µy*xmsLRi¸R…VVgRiª«sVVÍÜ[ „sxtñsvª«so xmsLSaRPLRiV¬s NRPVª«sWLRiV\®²… ªyùxqsV²R…V NSgRiÌÁ²R…V. A úxms˳ÏÁVƒ«sNRPV \®µ…Q*Fy¸R…Vƒ«sV²R…¬s }msLRiV (43).

»R½µy xtsQ}tîsQƒ«s ¿yLiZaP[ƒ«s NRPXxtñsQM xmsoLRiVxtsQxqs»R½òª«sVM e ª«sxqsV®µ…[ª«s xqsV»R½úZaP[uî¡ ªyxqsV®µ…[ª¯[ ˳ÏÁ„sxtsQù¼½ ee 44

»R½µyxmsùx¤¦¦¦Li ˳ÏÁ„suyù„sV ¹¸…WgS»yø ¹¸…WgRiª«sW¸R…V¸R…W e ÍÜ[NRP„sryøxmsƒyLóS¸R…V ú‡Áx¤¦¦¦ø¿yLji aRPLkiLRiNRPM ee 45

aRPøaS®ƒs[ ª«sVX»R½ª«sVV»R½=QXÇÁù µR…Xuíy* NS¸R…Vª«sVƒyª«sV¸R…Vª±sV e úËØx¤¦¦¦øß؃yLi z¤¦¦¦»yLóS¸R…V úxms„suí¡ ¹¸…WgRiª«sW¸R…V¸R…W ee 46

µj…ªyùLi ®ªs[VLRiVgRiV¥¦¦¦Li xmsoßØùLi »R½*¸R…W ryLôðRiLi ¿RÁ „sxtñsvƒy e ˳ÏÁ„suyù„sV »R½µy ú‡Áx¤¦¦¦øƒ±s ÌÁNRPVÖdÁ ƒyª«sV ƒyª«sV»R½M ee 47

NS¸R…Wª«s»yLRi B¾»½[ùª«sLi zqsµôðR…ZOP[QQú»R½Li xmsLRiLi »R½µy e ˳ÏÁ„sxtsQù¼½ xqsV„sÆØù»R½Li ¸R…Wª«sµR…W÷é„sVLôðRiLjixmsù¼½ ee 48

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