: kamakoti.org

Hindu Dharma

Acharya's Call

Voice of Sankara

Personal Experiences

Sri Adi Sankara

Namo Namah

Dasoupadesam

Naamavali / Pushpaanjali

Tamil

Telugu

Nadayadu Daivamu Chapters

$ NRPLiÀÁ ‡ÁVV{tsQLiúµR…VÌÁV

"$ ¿RÁLiúµR…ZaP[ÅÁlLi[LiúµR… xqsLRixqs*¼½'¸R…Vƒ«sVƒ«sµj… xqsƒyùryúaRPª«sVª«sVVƒ«sV {qs*NRPLjiLiÀÁƒ«s ry*„sVƒyµ³R…ƒ«sV¬s }msLRiV.

úNUPee aRPee 1894 ®ªs[V 20ª«s ¾»½[µk…ƒ«s µR…OTPQßáALSäÈÁV ÑÁÍýØ¸R…VLiµR…ÖÁ „sÌýÁVxmsoLRiª«sVVƒ«s x¤¦Ü[¸R…VxqsÌÁNRPƒ«sõ²R… ryøQQLRiò úËØx¤¦¦¦øßáNRPVÈÁVLi‡Áª«sVVƒ«sNRPV Â¿ÁLiµj…ƒ«s xqsVú‡Áx¤¦¦¦øßáùaSzqsòQûNTP »R½ƒ«s¸R…VV\®²… ry*„sVƒyµ³R…ƒ«sV ÇÁ¬søLiÂ¿Áƒ«sV. „dsLji NRPVÈÁVLi‡Áª«sVV ¿yÍØNSÌÁª«sVV úNTPLiµR…ÈÁ®ƒs[ »R½„sVÎÏÁ ®µ…[aRPª«sVVƒ«sNRPV ª«sÌÁxqsF¡LiVV ¿][ÎÏÁ##®µ…[aRPª«sVVƒ«s ¬sª«szqsLixms rygjiƒ«sµj…. xqsVú‡Áx¤¦¦¦øßáùaSzqsòQû NRPVLiË³ÏÁN][ßáª«sVVƒ«sLiµR…ÖÁ úxmsË³ÏÁV»][*ƒ«sõ»R½ FyhRiaSÌÁÍÜ[ ®ªsVúÉÓÁNRPV xmsLkiORPQ¸R…VLiµR…V úxms´R…ª«sVróyƒ«sª«sVVƒ«sLiµj… N]Li»R½NSÌÁª«sVVFyµ³yù¸R…VV²T…gS ƒ«sVLi²T… »R½LS*»R½ „sµyùaSÅÁÍÜ[ xms¬sÂ¿Á[|qsƒ«sV. ry*„sV ƒyµ³R…ƒ«sV xmsoÈíÁVNRPNRPV ƒy¸R…Vƒ«s „sÌýÁVxmsoLRiª«sVVƒ«s ƒ«sVLi®²…ƒ«sV. ª«sV¥¦¦¦ÌÁOTPQQø „dsLji µ³R…LRiøxms¼½õ. ¼½LRiVªy¸R…VWLRiV xqs„dsVxms úgSª«sV\®ªsVƒ«s ""B¿RÁèLigRiV²T…'' ¸R…W®ªsV xmsoÉíÓÁLiÉÓÁªyLji ¬sªyxqsª«sVV. C NRPVÈÁVLi‡Áª«sVVƒ«sNRPVÛÇÁLiµj…ƒ«s g][„sLiµR… µk…OTPQ»R½VÌÁƒ«sV ª«sV¥¦¦¦xmsoLRiVxtsv²R…V 16ª«s aRP»yÕôÁÍÜ[ úxms´R…ª«sV ƒy¸R…VNRPLSÇÁÙµR…gæRiLRi ª«sVLiú¼½gS ƒ«sVLi®²…ƒ«sV. µk…OTPQ»R½VÌÁ úxmsÇØz¤¦¦¦»R½ƒyª«sVª«sVV ""@¸R…Vùƒ±s''. C¸R…Vƒ«s ¿][ÎÏÁ##®µ…[aRPª«sVVƒ«s ¿yÍØ úxmsÇÜ[xms¹¸…WgRiNRPLRiª«sVV\ÛÍÁƒ«s ¸R…VÕ³Áª«sXµôðj… NSLRiùúNRPª«sVª«sVVÌÁ ®ƒsLRi|msƒ«sV. ""@¸R…Vùƒ±sNSÌÁVª«s'', ""@¸R…Vùƒ±sNRPWÌÁª«sVV'' @¬s „dsLji}msLRi N]¬sõ BxmsöÉÓÁNTP¬s gRiÌÁª«so.

ry*„sVƒyµ³R…ƒ«sV lLiLi²R…ª«sxqsLi»yƒ«sª«sVV. ry*„sVª«sV\ÛÍÁ ƒ«sVƒ«sõ "ry*„sVƒyµ³R…'ƒ«sV „dsLjiNRPVÈÁVLi‡Áª«sVVƒ«s NSLSµ³R…ùQ\®µ…ª«sª«sVV. A}mslLi[ ry*„sVƒyµ³R…ƒ«sVƒ«sNRPV |msÈíÁ‡Á®²…ƒ«sV. ""ÒÁ„s»R½ª«sVV ƒyNTPÀÁèƒ«s xqsLi®µ…[aRPª«sVV'' @ƒ«sV ªyùxqs xqsLixmsoÉÓÁÍÜ[ ƒy¿yLRiùry*„sV »R½ª«sV ËØÌÁùª«sVVƒ«sÇÁLjigjiƒ«s lLiLi²R…V xqsLixmnsVÈÁƒ«sÌÁ ƒ«sVµR…x¤¦¦¦LjiLiÀÁLji.

""»R½„sVÎÏÁª«sVVƒ«s ª«sVLRiƒy¸º…V @ƒ«s‡Á²R…V ƒ¯NSƒ¯NRP ª«sWLêSÌÁ ®ªsVVNRPµj…ƒ«s¹¸…VVNRP gRiµj…ÍÜ[ úxms®ªs[bPLiÀÁ xqsƒ«sõ ª«sVW¼½gRiÌÁ ¹¸…VVNRPLSgjiFyú»R½ÍÜ[ »R½ƒ«s»R½ÌÁƒ«sV µR…WLjièƒ«sµj…. A Fyú»R½ÍÜ[ ÛËÁÌýÁª«sVVƒ«sVLiÀÁ ¸R…VVÉíÓÁ\|ms |msÉíÓÁLji. A zmsÖýÁ»R½ÌÁ¸R…WFyú»R½¸R…VLiµj…LRiVNRPVN]ƒ«sVÈÁÂ¿Á[ µy¬s¬s ¼d½zqsN]ƒ«sÛÍÁ[NRP ¸R…WFyú»R½»][®ƒs[ gRiµj…¸R…VLi»R½ÈÁƒ«sVLSú¼½¸R…VLi»R½¸R…VV µj…LRiVgRiV¿RÁV g][ÌÁÂ¿Á[¸R…VÇÜÀÁèƒ«sµj…. A LiVVLiÉÓÁªyLRiVƒ«sV ¿RÁVÈíÁVxmsÈíÁVÌÁªyLRiVƒ«sV ƒyg][ÌÁ„s¬sÛÍÁ[ÀÁ ¹¸…Vª«sL][ µ]LigRiúxms®ªs[bPLiÀÁ ¸R…VVLi²R…Vƒ«sƒ«sVN]¬sLji. A g][ÌÁ¸R…VÛÉýÁ[ ¹¸…V²R…¾»½gRiNRP ¸R…VVµR…¸R…Vª«sVVª«sLRiNRPVƒ«sV rygjiƒ«sµj…. µy¬s¬s „s¬sƒ«s N]LiµR…LRiV \®µ³…LRiùaSÌÁVLRiV NRPàüáÌÁV xmsÈíÁVN]¬s ®ªsVÌýÁgS »R½ÌÁVxmsoÌÁV ¾»½LRiÀÁ¿RÁW»R½VLRiVgRiµy "zmsÖýÁ µy¬s¸R…Vª«sxqós NRPƒ«sVõÌÁNRPV NRPÉíÓÁƒ«s„s'. µy¬sNTP ú»y²R…VNRPÉíÓÁ ¹¸…VVNRPxqsòLiË³ÏÁª«sVVƒ«sNRPV µy¬s¬s NRPÉíÓÁ®ªs[zqsLji.

N]Li»R½ @ƒ«sVË³ÏÁª«saSÌÁVLRiV N]Li»R½}qsxmso |msƒ«sVgRiVÍØ²T… µy¬s »R½ÌÁƒ«sVLi²T… ¸R…WLSgji Fyú»R½ƒ«sV ÍØgji®ªs[zqsLji AzmsÖýÁ ¿yª«soú‡Á»R½VNRPVÌÁÍÜ[ xqs»R½ª«sV»R½ª«sVª«so¿RÁVLi®²…ƒ«sV. »R½LRiVªy»R½ µy¬s¬s ª«sµR…ÖÁ¸R…VVLiµR…VLRiV. }msLSaRP##Â¿Á[»R½»yƒ«sV Ë³ÏÁ¸R…VLiNRPLRi xmsLjizqós»R½VÌÁÍÜ[ ÑÁNTPä xmsLjixqsLRiª«sVVÌÁªyLjiNTP ¬súµR…ÛÍÁ[NRPVLi²yÛÇÁ[zqs LSú¼½ ƒ«sLi»R½¸R…VV ƒyµR…VLôS»][ gRi²R…V¿RÁVƒ«sÈýÁV Â¿Á[zqsƒ«sµy ª«sWLêSÌÁª«sVV. NSµR…V µy¬s ÍÜ[Ë³ÏÁª«sVV. Bµj… ƒy ÒÁ„s»R½ª«sVVƒ«s úxmsúxmsµ³R…ª«sV xqs¬sõ®ªs[aRPª«sVV.

lLiLi²R…ª«sµj…: „dsµ³j…®ªsLiÈÁ ËÜ[ª«so ®ƒsª«s²][ ¹¸…VVNRP²]NRP ƒy²R…V ª«sW LiVVLiÈÁ ®ƒs[ƒ¯NRPä²R…®ƒs[ ¸R…VVLi²R…gS ª«sÀÁè ƒy ‡ÁLigSLRiV ª«sVVLRiVgRiVÌÁ\|ms Â¿Á[LiVV ®ªs[|qsƒ«sV. "B„s ª«sµR…VÌÁVgS ƒ«sVƒ«sõ„s. N]ZNPäª«sVVÌÁƒ«sV gRiÉíÓÁgS ÕÁgjiLiÀÁ Â¿Á[»R½VÌÁNRPV xqsLjiF¡ª«soƒ«sÈýÁV ËØgRiVÂ¿Á[zqs ®ªsLiÈÁ®ƒs[ ¾»½[ª«sÌÁzqsƒ«sµR…¬s gRiÉíÓÁ ryµ³j…NSLRiª«sVVgS Â¿Ázmsö¼½¬s. @»R½²R…V xqs„sƒ«s¸R…Vª«sVVgS ƒy ¸R…WÇìÁƒ«sV bPLRiryª«sz¤¦¦¦LiÀÁƒ«sÉýØ ‡ÁLigSLRiª«sVVƒ«sV µR…NTPäLi¿RÁVN]¬s ®ªs²R…ÖÁF¡¸R…Vƒ«sV. ""F~ƒ«sVõry*„sV'' ¸R…Vƒ«s‡Á²R…V ª«sVVNRPVä ®ªsVVgRi®ªsVLRiVgRi¬s ¹¸…VVNRP µyLji¬sF¡¹¸…[V µyƒ«s¸R…VùNRPV ƒy ƒ«sgRiÌÁV ËØgRiV}qs¸R…VVÈÁNTPÀÁè¼½ƒ«sƒ«sV xqsLi»R½xqsª«sVVƒ«s ƒy xmnsVƒ«sNSLRiùª«sVV ª«sWªyLiú²R…NRPV F¡LiVV Â¿Ázmsö¼½¬s. ®ªsLiÈÁ®ƒs[ ªyLSµR…VLôS»][ ƒy µ]LigRiƒ«sV xmsÈíÁVN]ƒ«sVÈÁNRPV ‡ÁÇØLRiVƒ«s ®ªsµR…NRP rygjiLji. ªy¬s }msLRiV F~ƒ«sVõry*„sV NRPµy, ""ƒy ‡ÁLigSLRiV ƒ«sgRiÌÁNRPV NRPW²y ƒyª«sV ryLóRiNRPª«sVVgS ƒy»R½®²…[ ry*„sV¸R…VLiVVƒy²R…V.''

C lLiLi²R…ƒ«sVË³ÏÁª«sª«sVVÌÁƒ«sV xmsoLRixqsäLjiLi¿RÁVN]¬s ry*„sVªyLRiV xqsx¤¦¦¦ÇÁ „sƒ«s¸R…Vª«sVVƒ«s¬sÈýÁV Ë³Ø„sLiÀÁLji; ""ÍÜ[NRPª«sVVƒ«s ¼d½úª«s ry*LóRiª«sVVƒ«sNRPV gRiVLjiNS¬sªylLiª«s*LRiV ƒ«sVLi²R…LRiV. NS¬s NSÌÁúNRPª«sVª«sVVƒ«s \|ms\|ms ƒ¯NRPË³Øª«sª«sVV NRPÌÁVgRi ÇÜÀÁèƒ«sµj…. Bµj… ƒy xqs*Ë³Øªyƒ«sVgRiVßá\®ªsVƒ«sµj… NRPW²y; C Ë³ÏÁW„sV\|ms N]LiµR…LRiV ¬ds¼½ ¬s¸R…Vª«sVª«sVVÌÁƒ«sV ƒyµR…LRi+ª«sVVÌÁƒ«sV NRPÌÁªyLRiVƒyõLRiV. ªyLRiV ¬sry=Q*LóRiVÌÁV. »R½ª«sVxqsLRi*xqs*ª«sVVƒ«sV xmsL][xmsNSLRiª«sVVƒ«sZNP[ NSª«sÛÍÁƒ«s¬s »yùgRiª«sVV Â¿Á[¸R…VVµR…VLRiV. ªyLji Ë³Ý¼½NRP xqsVÅÁ xqsLixmsµR…ÌÁ®ƒs[ NSµR…V, Aµ³yù¼½øNRP ryµ³R…ƒy »R½xmsM xmnsÌÁª«sVVƒ«sV NRPW²y ÍÜ[NRP NRPÍØùßáª«sVVƒ«sNRPVƒ«sV, ryµ³R…V Ë³ÏÁNRPò ÇÁƒyµ³yù¼½øNRP úxmsgRi¼½NTP¬s »yùgRiª«sVVÂ¿Á[¸R…VV »yùgRiµ³R…ƒ«sVÌÁV NRPÌÁLRiV.''

1899ÍÜ[ ƒ¯NRP gRißá¬ds¸R…V xqsLixmnsVÈÁƒ«sª«sVV ÇÁLjigjiƒ«sµj…. @xmsöV²R…V ry*„sVƒyµ³R…ƒ«sV »R½Liú²T… F¡Lí]ƒ¯[ªyÍÜ[ ƒ«sVFyµ³yù¸R…VV²R…VgS ƒ«sVLi®²…ƒ«sV. A¸R…Vƒ«s NRPVª«sWLRiV¬s»][ ÀÁµR…Li‡ÁLRiª«sVVƒ«s ""BÌÁª«sVLiVVNRPäƒyLRiV'' ®µ…[ªyÌÁ¸R…Vª«sVVƒ«s ÇÁLRiVgRiV NRPVLiË³Ø}tsQNRPª«sVVƒ«sV ¿RÁW²R…ËÜ[¹¸…Vƒ«sV BÌÁª«sVLiVVNRPäƒyLRiV ¼½LRiV¬dsÌÁNRPLihRiƒy¸R…VƒyLRiVƒ«sNRPV ®ªsWORPQ„sVÂ¿Áèƒ«sƒ«sV NRPµ³R… NRPÌÁµR…V. |qsNTPäÍØLRiV LRiÀÁLiÀÁƒ«s |msLji¸R…V xmsoLSßáª«sVVƒ«s gRiÌÁ ¸R…VLRiVª«sµj… ª«sVVgæRiVLRiV \ZaPª«sË³ÏÁNRPVòÌÁÍÜ[ ¬dsÌÁNRPLihRiƒy¸R…VƒyL]NRP²R…V. »R½Liú²T… N]²R…VNRPVÌÁV ÀÁµR…Li‡ÁLRiª«sVVƒ«s $ ®ªsLiNRPÈÁxms¼½@¸R…VùLRiV ¬sLiÈÁ ƒy LSú¼½ ¸R…VVLi²T…Lji. @¸R…VùLRiVgSLRiV xqsWäÎÏÁþ B®ƒs=QöNíRPLRiV. (xmsLRiù®ªs[ORPQßØµ³j…NSLji) "N]Li»R½}qsxmso ¬súµR…F~ª«sVVø. ry*„sV µR…LRi+ƒ«sª«sVVƒ«sNRPV ª«splLi[gjiLixmsoƒ«sNRPV ¬sƒ«sVõÛÍÁ[zms ¼d½zqsN]¬sF¡gRiÌÁƒ«s¬s »R½Liú²T… Â¿ÁxmsögS ry*„sVƒyµ³R…ƒ«sV ¬súµR… F¡¹¸…Vƒ«sV. NS¬s ry*„sVƒyµ³R…ƒ«sV ÛÍÁ[ÀÁ ¿RÁW¿RÁVxqsLjiNTP ¾»½ÌýÁªyLjiƒ«sµj…. »R½Liú²T… »R½ƒ«sƒ«sV ÛÍÁ[zms ry*„sV µR…LRi+ƒ«sª«sVV Â¿Á[LiVVLixmsÛÍÁ[µR…¬s ry*„sVƒyµ³R…ƒ«sV ËØµ³R…xms²R…V¿RÁV »R½Liú²T…NTP »R½ƒ«s¬sxqsöQXx¤¦¦¦ƒ«sV ®ªsÖÁ‡ÁVÂ¿Áèƒ«sV. »yƒ«sV NRPW²y ®µ…[ª«sÎÏÁª«sVVƒ«sNSLSú¼½ F¡ÛÍÁ[µR…¬s »R½Liú²T… Â¿Ázmsö NRPVª«sWLRiV¬s ƒ¯[µylLièƒ«sV. A LSú¼½ ®µ…[ª«sÎÏÁª«sVVƒ«s ¬sxmsöLiÈÁVN]¬s ÍÜ[¬sªyLRiV ¿yÌÁª«sVLiµj… ª«sVLRißÓáLiÀÁLRi¬s¸R…VV »yª«sVV \®µ…ª«sNRPXxmsÂ¿Á[ ®ªsÎýÏÁNRPVLi²R…VÈÁ¹¸…[V ®ªs[V\ÛÍÁƒ«sµR…¬s¸R…VV»R½Liú²T… Â¿Á|msöƒ«sV. ALSú¼½¹¸…[V F¡Lí]ƒ¯[ªyÍÜ[ ƒ«sVƒ«sõ ¸R…V»R½¬s »R½ÖýÁNTP ÀÁµR…Li‡ÁLRiª«sVVƒ«s ƒ«sgjiõÇØ*ÌÁÌÁVlLi[gji N]LiµR…LRiV ¬sx¤¦¦¦»R½V\ÛÍÁLRi¬s NRPÌÁ ª«sÀÁèƒ«sµj…. A®ªsV ¾»½ÌýÁªyLRigRi®ƒs[ NRPÌÁª«sLRiFyÈÁVƒ«s ÛÍÁ[ÀÁ »R½ƒ«sªyLjiZNP[\®ªsVƒ«s¸R…WxmsµR… NRPÛÍæÁ®ƒs[®ªsW¸R…V¬s ¸R…Wú»R½xms²R…V¿RÁVLi²R…gS xms¬s¸R…Vª«s* ª«sÀÁè "ÀÁµR…Li‡ÁLRiLi ®µ…[ªyÌÁ¸R…Vª«sVVƒ«s N]LiµR…LRigjiõNSx¤¦¦¦§¼½\¹¸…VLRiÈÁ' ¸R…V¬s ¾»½ÖÁöƒ«sµj…. A®ªsV ¸R…W®ªs[gRiª«sVVƒ«s \lLiÌÁV }qísxtsQƒ«sVNRPV F¡LiVV ÀÁµR…Li‡ÁLRiª«sVV ƒ«sVLi²T… ª«s¿RÁVè ¸R…Wú¼½NRPVÌÁƒ«sV »R½ª«sVªyLji ZOP[Qª«sVª«sVVƒ«sV gRiWLjiè ¸R…V²R…VgRirygjiƒ«sµj…. \®µ…ª«s NRPÉØORPQª«sVVƒ«s ƒy®ªsV NRPVª«sWLRiV¬s»][ Ë³ÏÁLRiò NRP¬söLiÂ¿Áƒ«sV. A®ªsV ¸R…Wƒ«sLiµR…ª«sVVƒ«sNRPª«sµ³j…ÛÍÁ[µR…V. \®µ…ª«sNRPXxmsƒ«sV N]¬s¸R…W²T…ƒ«sµj…. A LSú¼½ ¸R…W®ªsVxms²T…ƒ«s ª«sVƒ¯[®ªs[µR…ƒ«sNRPVƒ«sV, ƒy „suyµR… xqsLixmnsVÈÁƒ«sNRPV gRiVLjigSNRP ªyLjiLRiVª«soLRiVƒ«sV xqsVLRiOTPQ»R½ª«sVVgS ¼½Ljigji ª«s¿RÁVèÈÁNRPVƒ«sV \®µ…ª«s xqsLiNRPÌÁö®ªs[V NSLRißá\®ªsV¸R…VVLi²R…Vƒ«s¬s ¸R…W®ªsV ƒ«s„sVøƒ«sµj….

1900 xqsLiª«s»R½=LRiª«sVVƒ«s ry*„sVƒyµ³R…ƒ«sV ÀÁµR…Li‡ÁLRiª«sVVƒ«s ƒ¯NRPÈÁª«s »R½LRigRi¼½ ¿RÁµR…Vª«so¿RÁVLi®²…ƒ«sV. $ ¸R…VLi. zqsLigSLRi®ªs[ÌÁV ®ªsVVµR…ÖÁ¸R…WLRiƒ«sV ƒy¸R…Vƒ«s FyhRiaSÌÁÌÁ\|ms ¸R…VVª«s xmsLkiOSQµ³j…NSLji. INRP L][ÇÁÙƒ«s ƒy¸R…Vƒ«s ry*„sVƒyµ³R…ƒ«sV ¿RÁµR…Vª«so xqsWäÌÁVNRPVF¡¹¸…Vƒ«sV ry*„sVƒyµ³R…ƒ«sV ª«sV¥¦¦¦ úxms¼½Ë³ØaSÖÁ¸R…V¬s gRiVLjiòLiÂ¿Áƒ«sV. \|ms »R½LRigRi»R½VÌÁNRPV ¬sLñRiLiVVLixms‡Á²T…ƒ«s ÍØLigRiøƒ«sV ALigýRi ªy¿RÁNRPª«sVV ¾»½zmsöLiÀÁ ¿RÁµR…Vª«soª«sV¬s ry*„sVƒyµ³R…ƒ«sV ƒy¸R…Vƒ«s @²T…lgiƒ«sV. A¸R…Vƒ«s ¸R…WaRPèLRiù ÇÁƒ«sNRPª«sVVgS ¿RÁNRPägS ¿RÁµj…®ªsƒ«sV. »R½»R½öéÖÁ»R½ª«sVVgS ry*„sVƒyµ³R…ƒ«sV ª«sVW²R…ª«s »R½LRigRi¼½ÍÜ[ xqsLSxqsLji Â¿Á[LRiè‡Á®²…ƒ«sV.

¼½Li²T…ª«sƒ«sª«sVVƒ«sNRPV xqsVú‡Áx¤¦¦¦øßáùaSzqsòQû ‡Áµj…ÖdÁ¸R…W¹¸…Vƒ«sV. @NRPä²R… 1906ÍÜ[ ry*„sVƒyµ³R…ƒ«sVƒ«s NRPVxmsƒ«s¸R…Vƒ«sª«sVV ÇÁLjigjiƒ«sµj…. $ NSª«sVN][ÉÓÁ {mshRiª«sVVƒ«s ƒ«sLRiVª«sµj… ¸R…WLRiª«s ¸R…W¿yLRiùª«sLRiVùQ\ÛÍÁƒ«s $ ¿RÁLiúµR…ZaP[ÅÁlLi[LiúµR… xqsLRixqs*¼d½ ry*„sVªyLRiV µR…OTPQßØLSäÈÁV ª«sVLi²R…ÌÁª«sVVƒ«s xmsLRiùÉÓÁLi¿RÁV ¿RÁVLi²T…Lji. ƒ«sW»R½õ ª«sÈÁVª«soƒ«sNRPV ªyLSbdPxqsV=ÌÁLizmsLji. ªylLi[ »R½LS*»R½ ƒy¸R…Vƒ«s $ NSª«sVN][ÉÓÁ {mshRiª«sVVƒ«sNRPV »R½ƒ«s »R½LS*»R½ ƒy¿yLRiVù¬sgS ªyN]¬sLji. @LRiVª«sµj… ¸R…WLRiª«s {mshSµ³j…xms¼½\¹¸…Vƒ«s $ ¿RÁLiúµR…ZaP[ÅÁlLi[LiúµR… xqsLRixqs*¼d½ry*„sVªyLji ƒyª«sV®ªs[V ry*„sVƒyµ³R…ƒ«sV ""AúaRPª«sV {qs*NSLSƒ«sLi»R½LRiª«sVV'' µ³R…LjiLiÂ¿Áƒ«sV. Bµj… gRißá¬ds¸R…Vª«sVV.

ry*„sVƒyµ³R…ƒ«sV xmsµj…¸R…Vª«s ¹¸…[VÈÁ ¼½Li²T… ª«sƒ«sª«sVVƒ«s gRiÌÁ @®ªsVLjiNRPƒ±s „sVxtsQƒ±s xqsWäÌÁVÍÜ[ lLiLi²R…ª«sFnyLRiª«sVVƒ«s Â¿Á[lLiƒ«sV. AaRPèLRiùÇÁƒ«sNRPV\®²…ƒ«s ¸R…W¸R…Vƒ«s ¸R…VNRPä²R… ƒ«sµR…V÷é»R½ aSù¼½ƒ«sLi®µ…ƒ«sV. ¿yÍØ Ë³ØgRiª«sVV ‡Áx¤¦¦¦§ª«sV»R½VÍØ¸R…Vƒ«s®ªs[. ÀÁª«sLRiNRPV \ÛËÁÕÁÌÁV „sÇìØƒ«s „sxtsQLiVVNRP ‡Áx¤¦¦¦§ª«sV¼½ NRPW²y ¸R…W¸R…Vƒ«s®µ…[. A FyhRiaSÌÁÍÜ[ DFyµ³yù¸R…VVÌÁ NS¸R…Vƒ«s gRiLRi*NSLRißáª«sVV. „sµyùLóRiVÌÁ NSµR…LRi+ª«sVV.

1906 ÍÜ[ ry*„sVƒyµ³R…ƒ«sV ƒyÌæÁª«s FnyLRiª«sVV ¿RÁµR…Vª«so ¿RÁVLi²R…gS FyhRiaSÌÁÍÜ[ }tsQNTP=zmns¸R…VL`i LRiÀÁLiÀÁƒ«s NTPLigRiV ÇØƒ«sVƒ«s xqsLiË³ØxtsQßØ»R½øNRP xqs¬sõ®ªs[aRP úxmsµR…LRi+ƒ«sª«sVV ®ƒs[LSöÈÁV Â¿Á[¸R…VµR…ÌÁÀÁLji. ¸R…VVª«sLSÇÁÙ ""ALïRiLRiV'' Fyú»R½ ¬sLRi*x¤¦¦¦ßá ¹¸…WgRiVùÛÍÁª«s*LS¸R…V¬s „sµyùLóRiVÌÁÍÜ[ ƒy ª«s¸R…VxqsV ªyLji\ZNP ¬sLS*x¤¦¦¦NRPVÌÁV ®ªsµR…NRP rygjiLji. A ƒyÈÁNRPª«sVVƒ«s ƒ«sµj… ª«sVVÅÁù Fyú»R½. FyhRiaSÌÁ úxmsµ³yƒ¯[Fyµ³yù¸R…VV¬sNTP ry*„sVƒyµ³R…ƒ«sV ƒ«sryµ³yLRißá úxmsÇìØ FyÈÁª«sª«sVVÌÁV ¾»½ÖÁ¸R…VVÈÁÂ¿Á[ ƒy¸R…Vƒ«sƒ«sV ¬sLñRiLiVVLiÂ¿Áƒ«sV. A¸R…Vƒ«sNRPV xmsLiú®²…Li®²…[Li®²ý…[ ¸R…VxmsöÉÓÁNTP. ry*¬sƒyµ³R…ƒ«sV »R½ÖÁ µR…Liú²R…VÌÁ ¸R…WÇìÁ ƒ«sLiµj… ¸R…W Fyú»R½ƒ«sV lLiLi²R…V L][ÇÁÙÌÁV ª«sWú»R½®ªs[V ¸R…VË³ÏÁùzqsLiÀÁƒ«sƒ«sV xmsLRiª«sWµR…V÷é»R½ª«sVVgS ú}msORPQNRPÇÁƒ«s aýSxmnsWFyú»R½ª«sVVgS ¬sLRi*z¤¦¦¦LiÀÁ „sÇÁ¸R…VV²R…¹¸…Vùƒ«sV. xqsLiË³ØxtsQßØ ¿y»R½VLRiùª«sVVƒ«sƒ«sV, ƒ«sÈÁƒy N_aRPÌÁª«sVVƒ«sƒ«sV, ALigý][¿yèéLRißØ µR…ORPQ»R½ ¸R…VLiµR…Vƒ«sƒ«sV ƒy¸R…Vƒ«s ¬sLRiVxmsª«sWƒ«s úxms¼½Ë³ÏÁ##®ƒs[ ¹¸…VÌýÁLRiV µR…Lji+LiÀÁLji. „sVú»R½VÖÁÀÁèƒ«s ¸R…VVª«sLSÇÁÙ LS¿RÁ µR…VxqsVòÌÁÍÜ[ ry*„sVƒyµ³R…ƒ«sV ryOSQµR…Vùª«sLSÇÁÙgRi µR…LRi+ƒ«s„sVÂ¿Áèƒ«sV. @µj…*¼d½¸R…V\®ªsVƒ«s ¸R…W»R½¬s úxmsµR…LRi+ƒ«sª«sVVƒ«s »y®ªsVLi»R½¹¸…W ª«sVVgôðRiVÌÁ\®ªsV »R½ƒ«sø¸R…VVÌÁ\®ªsV¼½ª«sV¬s ¸R…VVFyµ³yù¸R…V ª«sLæRiª«sVV ª«sVLRiVƒy²R…V xqsVú‡Áx¤¦¦¦øßáùaSzqsòQû¬s NRPÌÁzqs »R½ª«sV NRPVª«sWLRiV¬s ¹¸…WgRiù»R½ƒ«sV aýSzmnsVLiÀÁLji.

$ NSª«sVN][ÉÓÁ {mshSµ³j… xms»R½ùª«sVV

1906ª«s xqsLiª«s»R½=LRiª«sVVƒ«s NRPLiÀÁNSª«sVN][ÉÓÁ {mshSµ³j…xms»R½VÌÁÍÜ[ ƒ«sLRiVª«sµj… ¸R…WLRiª«s ªyLRiLiVVƒ«s $ ¿RÁLiúµR…ZaP[ÅÁlLi[LiúµR… xqsLRixqs*¼d½ry*„sV ¼½Li²T…ª«sƒ«s xqs„dsVxmsª«sVVƒ«s |msLRiVª«sVVNRPäÍÞ úgSª«sVª«sVVƒ«s ¿y»R½VLSøxqsùúª«s»R½ª«sVVƒ«sV Â¿Á[¸R…VV¿RÁVLi²T…Lji. ry*„sV¬s µR…Lji+LiÀÁ ¸R…WbdPxqsV=ƒ«sLiµR…VÈÁ\ZNP xqsVú‡Áx¤¦¦¦øßáùaSzqsòQûgSLRiV xqsNRPVÈÁVLi‡Áª«sVVgS ƒ«s¿RÁèÈÁZNP[gjiLji. „saRP*LRiWxms ¸R…Wú»y xqsª«sV¸R…Vª«sVVƒ«s N]Li»R½ µR…WLRiª«sVVƒ«sVLi²T… ry*„sV¬s ry*„sVƒyµ³R…ƒ«sV ¿RÁWÂ¿Áƒ«sV.

ª«sVLRiNRPßáª«sVV úgSª«sVª«sVVƒ«s ry*„sVªyLRiV ƒ«sª«sLS»R½VûQù»R½=ª«sª«sVVÌÁV ÇÁLjizmsLji. ¼½Li²T…ª«sƒ«sª«sVV ƒ«sVLi²T… ª«sV´R…VLSLi»R½NRPª«sVV F¡ª«so \lLiÌÁV ª«sWLæRiª«sVVƒ«s gRiÌÁ aRPLRiª±sV úgSª«sVª«sVVƒ«s ry*„sV ƒ«sª«sLS»R½VûQù»R½=ª«sª«sVVÌÁ »R½LS*»R½ „s²T…µj… Â¿Á[zqsLji. »R½ÖÁ µR…Liú²R…VÌÁNRPV Â¿ÁxmsöNRPVLi²R… ry*„sVƒyµ³R…ƒ«sV }qsõz¤¦¦¦»R½V¬s»][ ry*„sV¬s µR…Lji+LiÂ¿Áƒ«sV. ry*„sVƒyµ³R…ƒ«sV ªyLji»][ ƒ«sVLi²R…ª«sÛÍÁƒ«s¬s ry*„sVªyLRiV xmsÈíÁ‡ÁÉíÓÁLji. ª«sVLji xmsLi²T…»R½VÖÁµôR…LRiV NRPW²y ƒ«sÛÉýÁ[ N][LjiLji. ª«sVhRiª«sVVƒ«sNRPV ®ªsÎýÏÁ§¿RÁVƒ«sõÈýÁV »R½ÖýÁ µR…Liú²R…VÌÁNRPV Â¿ÁxmsöÛÍÁ[µR…¬s¸R…VV, FyhRiaSÌÁNRPV F¡ª«sNRPVƒ«sõ ¿RÁµR…Vª«so ƒ«sxtísQª«sVgRiVƒ«s¬s¸R…VV ry*„sVƒyµ³R…ƒ«sV Â¿Á|msöƒ«sV. @xmsöV²R…V ry*„sV ¸R…W¸R…Vƒ«s¬sLiÉÓÁNTP F¡¬s¸R…VùN]®ƒsƒ«sV. ª«sVhRiª«sVVƒ«sNRPV Â¿ÁLiµj…ƒ«s ‡ÁLi²T…ÍÜ[ ry*„sVƒyµ³R…ƒ«sV ¼½Li²T…ª«sƒ«sª«sVVƒ«sNRPV F¡¹¸…Vƒ«sV. ""»R½ƒ«s »R½LS*»R½ ry*„sVƒyµ³R…ƒ«sVƒ«sV úxmsÆØù»R½ NRPLiÀÁ{mshS¿yLRiù róyƒ«sª«sVV¬ds¸R…Vª«sÛÍÁƒ«s¬s N][lLiä¸R…VVƒ«sõµR…¬s'' ry*„sVªyLS LiVVµôR…LRiV xmsLi²T…»R½VÌÁ»][ Â¿ÁzmsöLji.

NRPÌÁªyLiVVÍÜ[ ƒ«sLRiVª«sµj… ¸R…WLRiª«s ¸R…W¿yLRiùry*„sV ¸R…VLiVVƒ«s xmsLRiª«sV gRiVLRiVª«so zqsµój…ƒ«sLiµj…Lji. ry*„sVƒyµ³R…ƒ«sV |msµR…»R½ÖýÁ ¹¸…[V\ZNPNRP xmsoú»R½V²R…LRiVª«sµj… ¹¸…[V²R…ª«s {mshSµ³j…xms¼½gS úxms¼½ztísQLixms ‡Á²T…ƒyLRiV. A¸R…Vƒ«sNRPV ËØÌÁùª«sVVƒ«s®ƒs[ »R½Liú²T… gRi¼½LiÂ¿Áƒ«sV. ÀÁµR…Li‡ÁLRiª«sVVƒ«s ƒy¸R…Vƒ«s 1900c1901 xqsLiª«s»R½=LRiª«sVVÌÁÍÜ[ ry*„sVƒyµ³R…ƒ«sV ¬sLiÈÁ®ƒs[¸R…VVLi²T… ®ªs[µyµ³R…ù¸R…Vƒ«sª«sVV Â¿Á[|qsƒ«sV. »R½LS*»R½ ƒy¸R…Vƒ«s »R½ÖýÁ»][ ª«sVhRiª«sVVƒ«s®ƒs[ ¸R…VVLi®²…ƒ«sV. G\ZNPNRP xmsoú»R½V\®²…ƒ«s ¸R…W¸R…Vƒ«s {mshSµ³j…xms¼½ NSƒ«sVLi®²…ƒ«s¬s ¾»½ÖÁzqs ry*„sVƒyµ³R…ƒ«sV »R½ÖýÁ µR…Liú²R…VÍØ»R½¬s »R½ÖýÁ ƒ«sWLSLRiö ËÜ[µR…ÌÁÀÁLji. ‡ÁLi²T…\|ms NRPVÈÁVLi‡Á ª«sVLi»R½¸R…VV NRPÌÁªyLiVVNTP ËÜ[µR…ÌÁÂ¿Áƒ«sV. NS¬s ¼½LRiVÀÁÍÜ[ ÇÁLRiVgRiƒ«sVƒ«sõ „sµyùaSÅÁ xqsª«sW®ªs[aRPª«sVVƒ«sNRPV xqsVú‡Áx¤¦¦¦øßáùaSzqsòQû F¡ª«sÛÍÁƒ«s¬s »R½Li¼½LSgS, ƒy¸R…Vƒ«s »yƒ«sV ÛÍÁ[NRPVLi²y »R½ƒ«s NRPVÈÁVLi‡Áª«sVLi»R½ µR…WLRiª«sVV ‡ÁLi²T…ÍÜ[ úxms¸R…WßÓáLi¿RÁVÈÁ ª«sVLiÀÁµj… NSµR…¬s, ª«sVVLiµR…V \lLiÌÁV\|ms NRPLiÀÁNTP F¡LiVV ¸R…V¿RÁèÈÁ ƒ«sVLi²T… ‡ÁLi²T…\|ms NRPÌÁªyLiVVNTP F¡ª«soÈÁ ª«sVLiÀÁµR…¬s Â¿Á|msöƒ«sV.

¿yLjiú»y»R½øNRP\®ªsVƒ«s LiVW NRPLiÀÁ NRPÌÁªyLiVVÌÁ úxms¸R…Wßáª«sVVƒ«sV, \®µ…ª«s¬s¹¸…WgRiª«sVƒ«sùµ³y¸R…VLiVV ry*„sVƒyµ³R…ƒ«sV ËØÌÁùª«sVVƒ«s®ƒs[ $ NSª«sVN][ÉÓÁ {mshSµ³j…xms¼½ ¸R…VgRiVÈÁ¸R…VVƒ«sV „sµ³j…„sÌÁzqs»R½ª«sVVÌÁ¬s ""ƒyNRPV ÒÁ„s»R½„sVÀÁèƒ«s xqsLi®µ…[aRPª«sV'' ƒ«sVªyùxqsª«sVVƒ«s ƒy¿yLRiù ry*„sV ¸R…VVµR…x¤¦¦¦LjiLiÀÁLji.

1907 úFyLRiLiË³ÏÁª«sVVƒ«s ®ƒs[ƒ«sV ¼½Li²T…ª«sƒ«sª«sVV \ZNPQQûxqsòª«s „sVxtsQƒ«sLki xqsWäÌÁVÍÜ[ ¿RÁµR…Vª«so¿RÁVLi²R…, gRi»R½ xqsLiª«s»R½=LRiª«sVV ª«sW xmsÈíÁßáª«sVVƒ«s ®ªs[Vª«sVV µR…Lji+LiÀÁƒ«s NSª«sVN][ÉÓÁ {mshRiry*„sV aRPLiNRPLS¿yLRiVùÌÁV NRPÌÁªyLiVVÍÜ[ zqsµôðj…ƒ«sLiµj…LRi¬s ¾»½ÖÁzqsƒ«sµj…. NRPÌÁªyLiVV ¸R…WLSäÈÁVƒ«sNRPV xmsµj…\®ªsVÎÏÁ§þ. NSLiÀdÁxmsoLRiª«sVVƒ«sNRPV BLRiVª«sµj… \®ªsVµR…V \®ªsVÎýÏÁ§. ª«sW |msµR…»R½ÖýÁ NRPVª«sWLRiV²R…V ®ªs[µR… xmsLi²T…»R½V²R…V. ª«sVhRiª«sVVƒ«s®ƒs[ ¸R…VVLi²T… ry*„sV }qsª«s Â¿Á[¸R…VVƒ«s»R½²R…V {mshSµ³j…xms¼½ ¸R…V¹¸…Vùƒ«s¬s ¾»½ÖÁzqsƒ«sµj….

„s»R½Li»R½V\®ªs µj…NRPVäÛÍÁ[¬s ª«sW |msµR…»R½ÖýÁNS»R½²]NRPä®²…[ NRPVª«sWLRiV²R…V. A»R½²R…V xqsƒ«sùzqsLixmsgS ƒy®ªsV ƒ¯[µyLRiVè ªyLS ª«sVhRiª«sVVƒ«s ÛÍÁ[LRiV. @xmsöÉÓÁ xmsLjizqós»R½VÌÁÍÜ[ ¼½Li²T… ª«sƒ«sª«sVV »yÌÁWNSÍÜ[ FyhRiaSÍØ xmsLRiù®ªs[ORPQNRPVÌÁVgS ƒ«sVƒ«sõ ª«sW »R½Liú²T… ¼½Li²T…ª«sƒ«sª«sVV ƒ«sVLi²T… xqsVª«sWLRiLRiVª«sµj… \®ªsVÎÏÁþ µR…WLRiª«sVVƒ«sƒ«sVƒ«sõ NRPÌÁªyLiVVNTP, »yª«sVV xmsLRiùÉÓÁLi¿RÁV ®ƒs²ýR…‡ÁLi²T… \|msƒ«s®ƒs[ ¹¸…[VgRiª«sÛÍÁƒ«s¬s xqsLiNRPÖÁöLiÂ¿Áƒ«sV. NS¬s ¼½LRiVÀÁƒyxmsÖýÁÍÜ[ ÇÁLRiVgRiƒ«sVƒ«sõ „sµyùaSÅÁ xqsª«sW®ªs[aRP NSLRißáª«sVVgS ƒy xqsLiNRPÌÁöª«sVV ®ƒsLRi®ªs[LRiÛÍÁ[µR…V.

ª«sW |msµR…»R½ÖýÁ NRPVª«sWLRiV²R…V xqsƒyùryúaRPª«sV {qs*NSLRiª«sVV Â¿Á[zqsƒ«sLiµR…VÌÁNRPV ª«sW |msµR…»R½ÖýÁ¬s ª«sW¸R…Vª«sVø ƒ¯[µyLRiè µR…ÌÁÀÁƒy»]²R…ƒ«sV „sVgjiÖÁƒ«s zmsÌýÁÌÁ »][²R…ƒ«sV NRPÌÁªyLiVVNTP ‡Á¸R…VÌÁV®µ…[Ljiƒ«sµj…. \lLiÌÁV\|ms NSLiÀdÁxmsoLRi ®ªs[Vgji¼½„sV. @NRPä²R… aRPLiNRPLS¿yLRiù ª«sV ª«sVVƒ«s ƒygji¼½„sV. ®ƒs[ƒ«sV NRPVª«sWLRi N][xtîsQ ¼d½LRiª«sVVƒ«s ryõƒ«sª«sW²T…¼½¬s. A¿yLRiù xmsLRiª«sV gRiVLRiVª«soÌÁV zqsµôðj…ƒ«sLiµj…ƒ«s µR…aSx¤¦¦¦õ ª«sV¥¦¦¦ xmspÇØµj…NRPª«sVVƒ«sNRPV ª«sÌÁ¸R…VV xqsLiË³ØLRiª«sVVÌÁ\ZNP {mshRi NSLRiùNRPLRiòÌÁV ‡ÁLi²T…ÍÜ[ ƒ«sNRPä²R…NRPV Â¿Á[LjiLji. FyLRiLixmsLRiùª«sVVƒ«s (»R½LRi»R½LRiª«sVVÌÁVgS) ª«s¿RÁVè ª«sVhRixmso ®ªs[VzqsòQû ¹¸…VVNRPLRiV »R½ƒ«s»][ ƒ«sƒ«sVõ LRiª«sVø®ƒsƒ«sV. ª«sW ªyLjiNTP ®ªs[LRiV ‡ÁLi²T… ¹¸…[VLSöQ\ÛÉÁƒ«sµj….

ª«sWLæRiª«sVVƒ«s ®ªs[VzqsòQû ""„dsVLRiV ª«sVLRiÌÁ ¼½Ljigji LiVVLiÉÓÁNTP NSLRi F¡ª«s¿RÁVè ƒ«s¬s¸R…VV ÒÁ„s»R½ ZaP[xtsQª«sVV ª«sVhRiª«sVVƒ«s®ƒs[ gRi²R…Vxmsª«sÌÁzqs ª«s¿RÁVèƒ«s¬s¸R…VV Â¿Á|msöƒ«sV. ‡Áx¤¦¦¦§aRPM ª«sW |msµR…»R½ÖýÁ NRPVª«sWLRiV²R…V {mshSµ³j…xms¼½ ¸R…V¹¸…Vùƒ«sV gRiµy! ËØxqsÈÁgS ƒ«sƒ«sVõLi¿RÁVN]ƒ«sVÈÁ NS¸R…Vƒ«s ¾»½ª«sVø¬s N][lLi®ƒs[®ªsW¸R…V¬s ®ƒs[ƒ«sV ®ªsVVµR…ÈÁ xqsª«sWµ³yƒ«s xms²T…¼½¬s. ƒyNRPxmsöV²R…V xmsµR…ª«sVW®²…[Li²ýR…V ª«sWú»R½®ªs[V. ®ƒs[ƒy¸R…Vƒ«s ZNPÈýÁVxmsNRPLjiLi¿RÁgRiÌÁƒy¸R…V¬s ª«sVLRiÌÁ ƒyÍÜ[ÀÁLiÀÁ¼½¬s.

úxms¸R…Wßáª«sVV rygRiV¿RÁVƒ«sõµj…. ®ªsVÌýÁgS ®ªs[VzqsòQû ƒyNRPV „sxtsQ¸R…Vª«sVVÌÁ ƒ«sª«sgRi»R½ª«sVV Â¿Á[¸R…VÇÜÂ¿Áèƒ«sV. xmspLS*úaRPª«sVª«sVVƒ«s ƒy r¡µR…LRiV\®²…ƒ«s ¸R…W ry*„sVNTP ÇÁ*LRiª«sVVª«sÀÁè¸R…VLiµR…V xqsLiµ³j…LiÀÁƒ«sµj…. @LiµR…VÂ¿Á[»R½LS*»R½ ƒ«sƒ«sVõ NRPÌÁªyLiVV ¼d½zqsN]¬s F¡ª«soÈÁNRPV ª«sW NRPVÈÁVLi‡Áª«sVV ƒ«sVLi²T… ƒ«sƒ«sVõ ®ªs[LRiVÂ¿Á[zqsLji. ""¼½Li²T… ª«sƒ«sª«sVVƒ«sZNP[ »yƒ«sV F¡LiVVry*„sVƒyµ³R…ƒ«sVƒ«sV NRPÖÁ¸R…Vª«sÌÁzqs ¸R…VVƒ«sõµR…¬s¸R…VV, NS¬ds NSLiÀdÁxmsoLRiª«sVVƒ«s®ƒs[ NRPÖÁ¸R…VVÈÁ »R½ÈÁzqósLiÀÁƒ«sµR…¬s¸R…VV ®ªs[VzqsòQû ƒyNRPV „sª«sLjiLiÂ¿Áƒ«sV. @ƒ«sVN]ƒ«s¬s LiVW „sÀÁú»R½ xqsLixmnsVÈÁƒ«sNRPV®ƒs[ƒ«sV xqsò‡ôðÁV²R…\®ƒs¼½¬s. ‡ÁLi²T…ÍÜ[ ®ªsWNSÎýÏÁ\|ms ª«sLigji¼½¬s. ƒyNRPV ¾»½ÖÁzqsLiµj… LSª«sVƒyª«sV ®ªsVVNRPäÛÉÁ[. A LSª«sVLSª«sV xqsøLRißáª«sVV úxms¸R…Wßáª«sVV ª«sVVgji¸R…VV ª«sLRiNRPV ƒ«sÛÉýÁ[ Â¿Á[¸R…Vrygji¼½¬s.

N]Li»R½ xqsLjiNTP ª«sW @ª«sVø zmsÌýÁÌÁ»][ ª«sÀÁèƒ«sµj…. r¡µR…Lji ƒ«sWLSLRiöª«sÛÍÁƒ«s¬s ª«sÀÁèƒ«s ¸R…W®ªsV¹¸…[V ¹¸…WµyLRiöª«sÌÁzqsƒ«s zqós¼½ÍÜ[ ‡Á²T…ƒ«sµj….

ry*„sVƒyµ³R…ƒ«sV ª«sVx¤¦Ü[ƒ«sõ»R½ xms„sú»R½ NSLiÀdÁ{mshSµj… xms»R½ùª«sVVƒ«sV {qs*NRPLjiLi¿RÁVÈÁNRPV »R½Li¼½ª«sVWÌÁª«sVVƒ«s »R½Liú²T… ¸R…WÇìÁ ÌÁÕ³ÁLiÀÁƒ«sµj…. xqs»R½*LRiª«sVVƒ«s ƒy xmsÉíØÕ³Á}tsQNRP ª«sVx¤¦Ü[»R½=ª«sª«sVVƒ«sNRPV ª«sÌÁ¸R…VV xqsLiË³ØLRiª«sVVÌÁV xqsª«sVNRPWLRiè‡Á²T…ƒ«s„s. 1907 zmnsú‡Áª«sLji 13ª«s ¾»½[µk…ƒ«s ry*„sVƒyµ³R…ƒ«sV $ NRPLiÀÁNSª«sVN][ÉÓÁ {mshS¿yLRiVùQ\ÛÍÁLji. $ ¿RÁLiúµR…ZaP[ÅÁlLi[LiúµR… xqsLRixqs*¼d½ ƒyª«sWLiNTP»R½V\ÛÍÁ xmspÇÁùFyµR…VÌÁLRiVª«sµj… ¹¸…V¬s„sVµR…ª«s¸R…W¿yLRiù róyƒ«sª«sVÌÁLiNRPLjiLiÀÁLji. $ ry*„sV ªyLRiV xmspLS*¿yLRiVùÌÁ zqsµôðj… xqósÌÁª«sVVƒ«sNRPV¿RÁ¬s ¸R…VLRiVª«sµj… ¸R…WLRiª«s ¸R…W¿yLRiù ª«sV¥¦¦¦ xmspÇÁ »yª«sVV xqsÖÁzmsLji.

úN]»R½ò ry*„sV NRPÌÁªyLiVV ƒ«sVLi²T… NRPVLiË³ÏÁN][ßáª«sVVƒ«s ZNP[gjiLji. ª«sVhRiª«sVVƒ«sNRPV NRPVLiË³ÏÁN][ßáª«sVV ª«sVVÅÁùróyƒ«sª«sVV. 18ª«s aRP»y‡ôÁª«sVVƒ«s ƒ«sLRiVª«sµj… lLiLi²R…ª«s ¸R…W¿yLRiVùÌÁ NSÌÁª«sVVƒ«s »]Li²R…ª«sVLi²R…ÌÁª«sVVƒ«s ÇÁLjigjiƒ«s LSÇÁNUP¸R…W aSLi¼½ ª«sÌÁƒ«s {mshRiª«sVVÅÁù róyƒ«sª«sVV NRPLiÀÁƒ«sVLi²T… NRPVLiË³ÏÁN][ßáª«sVVƒ«sNRPV ª«sWLRiè‡Á²T…ƒ«sµj…. NSÌÁgRi¼½¬s {mshRi NSLRiùúNRPª«sVª«sVVÌÁVƒ«sV, ËØµ³R…ù»R½ÌÁVƒ«sV |msLRiVgRi ÇÜÀÁèƒ«s„s. BxmsöVÉÔÁ xqsLixqós ª«sVhRiª«sWú»R½ª«sVVƒ«s®ƒs[ xmsLji„sV»R½ª«sVV NSµR…V. AzqsòNRPVÌÁ„s»R½LRißáª«sVVª«sÌÁƒ«s ÌÁÕ³ÁLiÀÁƒ«s ¸R…WzqsòFyxqsVòÌÁV ¿RÁW¿RÁVN]ƒ«sª«sÛÍÁƒ«sV. ª«sV»R½µ³R…LRiø NSLRiùúNRPª«sVª«sVVÌÁV ¬sLRi*z¤¦¦¦Lixms ª«sÛÍÁƒ«sV. @ÉíÓÁ xqsLixqósNRPV¸R…Vµ³j…xms¼½\¹¸…V ¬sLRi*z¤¦¦¦Li¿RÁVÈÁ ryª«sWƒ«sù „sxtsQ¸R…Vª«sVV NSµR…V. NRPxtísQryµ³R…ùQ\®ªsVƒ«sµj…. Aµ³yù¼½øNRP aRPNTPò xqsLixmsƒ«sõ»R½, ÍÝNTPNRP ª«sùª«s¥¦¦¦LRi µR…ORPQ»R½ ÛÍÁ[¬s®µ…[ LiVW ¸R…WÇÁª«sWƒ«sùª«sVV xqsVryµ³R…ùª«sVV NSµR…V. ÇÁgRiµæR…VLRiV»R½*ª«sVV»][ FyÈÁV ª«sùNRPVòÌÁƒ«sV, xmsLjizqós»R½VÌÁƒ«sV xqsVxqsWORPQQøª«sVVgS xmsLjibdPÖÁLixmsgRiÌÁ \®ƒsxmsoßáùª«sVV NSª«sÛÍÁƒ«sV. 1835 ƒ«sVLi²T… ¹¸…[V‡Áµj… ª«s»R½=LRiª«sVVÌÁNRPV \|msgS¬ds{mshRiª«sVVƒ«sV xqsLS*µ³j…NSLjigS ry*„sVƒyµ³R…ƒ«sV zms»yª«sVx¤¦¦¦§\®²…ƒ«s gRißáxms¼½ aSzqsòQûgSLRiV ¬sLRi*z¤¦¦¦LiÀÁLRiƒ«sVƒ«sµj… ª«sVƒ«s®ªsVLRiVgRiª«sÛÍÁƒ«sV. „dsLji FyÌÁƒy µR…ORPQ»R½ª«sÌÁ®ƒs[ {mshRiª«sVVƒ«sNRPV ª«sÌÁ¸R…VV LS‡Á²T…NTP »R½gjiƒ«s ¸R…Wµ³yLRiª«sVVÌÁV xqsVzqósLRiª«sVVgS ®ƒsÌÁN]ÌÁö‡Á²T…ƒ«s„s. ƒyÉÓÁ ƒ«sVLi²T… ª«sVhRi ËØµ³R…ù»R½ÌÁV |msLjigjiƒ«s„s. NS¿RÁVN]¬s ¸R…VVƒ«sõ ËØµ³R…ù»y¸R…VV»R½ NSLRiùúNRPª«sVª«sVVÌÁ ¬sLRi*x¤¦¦¦ßáNRPV »R½gjiƒ«s aRPNTPò ryª«sVLóRiQùª«sVVÌÁƒ«sV úN]»R½òry*„sV ¸R…VÀÁLRiNSÌÁª«sVVƒ«s®ƒs[ úxmsNRPÉÓÁLixms ÇÜÀÁèLji. BLiµR…VN]LRiZNP[ ry*„sV ®ªsVVÈíÁ®ªsVVµR…ÈÁ ª«sVVÅÁù xqósÌÁ\®ªsVƒ«s NRPVLiË³ÏÁN][ßáª«sVàáVgRiª«sÌÁzqs ª«sÀÁèƒ«sµj….

1907 ÍÜ[®ƒs[ NRPÌÁªyLiVV „s²T…ÀÁ ¼½Li²T… ª«sƒ«sª«sVVƒ«s N]ÌÁµj…NSÌÁ®ªs[V ¸R…Wgji ry*„sV NRPVLiË³ÏÁN][ßáª«sVVƒ«sZNP[lgiƒ«sV. »R½ª«sV ª«sVµ³R…ù ®ªsVVƒ«sõÉÓÁ ª«sLRiNRPVƒ«sV ry*„sVƒyµ³R…ƒ«sVgS ¼½Ljigjiƒ«s ËØÌÁV²R…V ®ƒs[²R…V ª«sVx¤¦¦¦»R½òLRi $ NRPLiÀÁ NSª«sVN][ÉÓÁ {mshSµ³j…xms»R½VÌÁVgS ª«sÀÁè µR…LRi+ƒ«s „sVÂ¿Áèƒ«sƒ«sõ ¼½Li²T…ª«sƒ«s F¢LRiVÌÁ ZNPLi»R½ gRiLRi*NSLRißáª«sVV? FsLi»R½ ¸R…Wƒ«sLiµR…µy¸R…VNRPª«sVV? @ƒ«sVË³ÏÁ##\®ªsNRP ®ªs[µR…ù®ªs[V ¸R…W ƒyÉÓÁ ªyLji Ë³ØgRiù „sZaP[xtsQª«sVV. A xmsÈíÁßá ª«sW ƒy²R…V ª«sVx¤¦Ü[»R½=ª«sLRiWzmsßÓá\¹¸…Vƒ«sµj….

@®ªsVLjiNRPƒ«sV „sVxtsQƒ«sV FyhRiaSÍØµ³yùxmsNRPVÌÁVƒ«sV, „sµyùLôðRiVÌÁVƒ«sV, ry*„sV µR…LRi+ƒ«s xqsLiË³ØxtsQßáª«sVVÌÁ ®ƒsLi»][ gRiL][*ƒ«sõ»R½V\ÛÍÁLji. DFyµ³yù¸R…VVÌÁ»][ ª«sVµ³R…VLSÍØxmsª«sVVÌÁV, ¬s»R½LRiVÌÁ»][ aRPVË³ÏÁªyNRPùª«sVVÌÁV ®ƒsLjizms ry*„sV ª«sVW²R…V µj…ƒ«sª«sVVÌÁ »R½LS*»R½ úxms¸R…Wßáª«sVV rygjiLiÀÁLji. xmýsª«sLigRi \Â¿Áú»R½ª«sVVƒ«s NRPVLiË³ÏÁN][ßáª«sVVƒ«s $ªyLji LSNRP»][ ú®ªsW²R…VÌÁV ÀÁgjiLjièƒ«s„s.

{mshSµ³j…xms¼½¸R…Vƒ«s bPxtsQùN][ÉÓÁ µR…XztísQÍÜ[ ƒ¯NRP ¸R…Wµ³yù¼½øNRP ryúª«sWÈíÁV. LS¿RÁLjiNRP ª«sVLSùµR…ÌÁV, ÀÁx¤¦¦¦õª«sVVÌÁ¬sõ \®ªsË³ÏÁª«sª«sVVÌÁVLi²R…Vƒ«sV. úN]»R½òry*„sV {mshSµ³j…xms»R½ù xmsÉíØÕ³Á}tsQNRP ª«sVx¤¦Ü[»R½=ª«sª«sVVƒ«sV \®ªsË³ÏÁª«sª«sVVgS bPxtsvùÌÁV Â¿Á[¸R…VµR…ÌÁÀÁLji. NRPVLiË³ÏÁN][ßá ª«sVhRiª«sVVƒ«s 1907 ®ªs[V 9ª«s ¾»½[µk… gRiVLRiVªyLRiª«sVVƒy²R…V xmsÉíØÕ³Á}tsQNRPª«sVV ª«sV¥¦¦¦ \®ªsË³ÏÁª«sª«sVVgS ÇÁLjigjiƒ«sµj…. »R½LiÇØª«spLRiV FyÌÁNRPV\®²…ƒ«s bPªyÒÁ LS¿RÁNRPVÈÁVLi‡Áª«sVLiµR…ÖÁ LSßáVÌÁV ÒÁÇØLiËØË³ØLiVV ry|¤¦¦¦‡Á, LSª«sVNRPVª«sWLSLi ËØË³ØLiVV ry|¤¦¦¦‡Á xmsÉíØÕ³Á}tsQNRP xqsLiË³ØLRiª«sVVƒ«s¬sõ¸R…VV LS¿RÁª«sVLSùµR…ÌÁ»][ ÇÁLRiVgRiVƒ«sÈýÁLizmsLji. xmsÈíÁxmsoÈÁÕ³Á}tsQNRPª«sVV ª«sVÛÍýÁxmspÌÁ»][ ÇÁLjigjiƒ«sµj…. ‡ÁLigSLRiV NSª«sWOTPQ, ¸R…VÕ³ÁÍØLi®²…[aRP*Lji ®µ…[ªyÌÁ¸R…V úxms¼½¬s´R…VÌÁV »]ÌÁV»R½ƒ«sV, »R½LS*»R½ »R½LiÇØª«spLRiV LS¿RÁNRPVÈÁVLi‡Áª«sVV ªyLRiVƒ«sV, @®ƒs[NRP ÇÁ„dsVLiµyLRiVÌÁVƒ«sV, xqsLixmsƒ«sõ NRPVÈÁVLi‡Áª«sVVÌÁ ªyLRiVƒ«sV ª«sLRiVxqsgS ƒ«sÕ³Á}tsQNTPLiÀÁLji. úxmsÆØù»R½ „sµR…*µR…*LRiVÖdÁNSLRiùúNRPª«sVª«sVVƒ«s úxmsª«sVVÅÁ Fyú»R½ª«sz¤¦¦¦LiÀÁLji. ª«sVhRizqsLi¥¦¦¦xqsƒ«s ª«sVµ³j…ztísQLiÀÁ ry*„sV xqsª«sW „sxtîsv\ÛÍÁƒ«s úxmsÇØxms¼½NTP ƒ«sƒ«sVúgRix¤¦¦¦ ªyNRPùª«sVVÌÁVxmsÖÁNTPLji. ‡ÁLigSLRixmso ÈÁLiËØLkiÍÜ[ ƒy LSú¼½ »R½LiÇØª«spLRiV FyÌÁNRPVÌÁLizmsƒ«s LS¿RÁƒygRiª«sVV\|ms ƒ«sWlLi[gjiLixmso ÇÁLjigjiƒ«sµj…, NRPVLiË³ÏÁN][ßáxmso úxmsµ³yƒ«s „dsµ³R…VÌÁÍÜ[ $ ry*„sV ¸R…VWlLi[gjiLixmso ª«sVx¤¦Ü[»R½=ª«sª«sVVƒ«s ZNP[gjiLji. ÇÁgRiµæR…VLRiVª«sogS $ A¿yLRiù ry*„sV ¸R…Wµ³yù¼½øNRP úxmsË³ÏÁV»R½* ª«sWLRiLiË³ÏÁ##\®ªsVƒ«sµj….

úxmsµ³R…ª«sV „sÇÁ¸R…V ¸R…Wú»R½

„sÇÁ¸R…V ¸R…Wú»R½ª«sÌÁƒ«sgS ƒy¿yLRiùry*„sV ®µ…[aRPª«sVV ƒ«sÌÁVª«sVWÌÁÌÁNRPV ÇÁLRiVxmso¸R…Wú»yÌÁV. {mshRi\®µ…ª«s»R½ª«sVV \ÛÍÁƒ«s ¿RÁLiúµR… ª«s°×dÁaRP*LRi ú¼½xmsoLRi xqsVLiµR…Lki ®µ…[ª«soÌÁ ¬s»R½ù xmspÇØNSLRiùúNRPª«sVª«sVV ÌÁLiµR…V úxmsÇÁÌÁV aRPNRPòQùƒ«sVryLRiª«sVV FyÍæÜƒ«sVÈÁNRPVƒ«sV, {mshRiry*ª«sVVÌÁ ¼d½LóRiQúxmsryµR…ª«sVVÌÁ ƒ«sLiµR…VN]¬s »R½LjiLi¿RÁVÈÁNRPVƒ«sV. ry*„sV ªyLji ¸R…W®µ…[aRPª«sVVÌÁƒ«sV, ®ªs[µyLi»R½ úxmsxqsLigRiª«sVVÌÁƒ«sV„s¬s ¸R…Wµyù¼½øNRP ÇìØƒ«s xqsª«sVVFyLêRiƒ«sª«sVVƒ«sV, ÒÁ„s»R½ bPORPQßáª«sVVƒ«sV F~LiµR…VÈÁNRPV ¬ds¸R…Wú»R½ÌÁV®µô…[bPLixms‡Á²T…ƒ«s„s. A¿yLRiù ry*„sV xmsLRiùÉÓÁLiÀÁƒ«s ¹¸…VÌýÁ ¿][ÈýÁƒ«sV úxmsÇØ¬dsNRPª«sVV ªyLji xqsª«sVORPQª«sVVƒ«s xqsLixmspLñRi ÍØË³ÏÁª«sVVƒ«sLiµR…VµR…VLRiV. ª«sVx¤¦Ü[»R½=ª«sª«sVVgS µy¬s¬s Â¿Á[¸R…VVµR…VLRiV. FsµR…ƒ«sV NRPµj…ÖÁLiÀÁ. ÒÁª«so¬s¬súµR…ÛÍÁ[xmso ry*„sV úxmsxqsLigRiª«sVVÌÁƒ«sV»R½ƒ«sø¸R…VV\ÛÍÁ ¹¸…[VNSúgRiª«sVVgS „sLiµR…VLRiV. Dƒ«sõ ¸R…VV¬sNTPƒ«s ¸R…VVƒ«sõ»R½ zqós¼½ ƒ«sLiµj…ƒ«sÈýÁV Ë³Ø„sLi»R½VLRiV.

1908ƒ«s ÇÁLi‡ÁVZNP[aRP*LRiª«sVVƒ«sNRPV ry*„sVªyLji ®ªsVVµR…ÉÓÁ ¸R…Wú»R½ ¸R…WLRiLiË³ÏÁ##\®ªsVƒ«sµj…. B¿RÁèÈÁ®ƒs[ ¸R…VÐÁÍØLi®²…[aRP*Lki ®µ…[„sNTP ƒyµj…aRPLiNRPLRiVÌÁV xqs*¸R…Vª«sVVgS »yÈÁLiNRPª«sVVÌÁ ƒ«sÌÁLiNRPLjiLiÀÁLji. xmsoƒ«sLRiVµôR…LRißØƒ«sLi»R½LRiª«sVV 1908ÍÜ[ ƒ«sNRPä²R… NRPVLiË³ØÕ³Á}tsQNRPª«sVVƒ«s ZNP[LSöÈýÁV ÇÁLjigjiƒ«s„s. ®µ…[ªyÌÁ¸R…V róy¬sNRPVÌÁVƒ«sV, ƒ«sµj…NSLRiVÌÁVƒ«sV, ª«sVƒ«s ry*„sV ƒ«sNRPä²R…NRPV „sÂ¿Á[è¸R…V ƒ«sLójiLiÀÁLji. NRPVLiË³ØÕ³Á}tsQNRPª«sVV ª«sV¥¦¦¦ \®ªsË³ÏÁª«sª«sVVgS ¸R…Vµ³y„sµ³j…gS ÇÁLjigjiƒ«sµj…. aRPXLilgi[Lki {mshSµ³j…xms»R½VÌÁV $ xqsÀÁèµyƒ«sLiµR… bPªyÕ³Áƒ«sª«s ƒ«sLRizqsLix¤¦¦¦ Ë³ØLRi¼d½ aRPLiNRPLS¿yLRiù ry*„sV NRPVLiË³ØÕ³Á}tsQNRP\®ªsVƒ«s ª«sVLRiVƒy²R…V „sÂ¿Á[èzqsLji. bPª«sgRiLigRi {mshSµ³j…xms»R½VÌÁV $ xqsVú‡Áx¤¦¦¦øßáù Ë³ØLRi¼d½ ry*„sV ªyLRiV N]¬sõ ®ƒsÌÁÌÁ »R½LS*»R½ ƒ«s¿RÁèÈÁNRPV ®ªs×ÁþLji.

ÇÁLi‡ÁVZNP[aRP*LRiª«sVV ƒ«sVLi²T… ª«sVƒ«s ry*„sV LiVVÌÁ¸R…W»R½òLigRiV²T…NTP F¡LiVVLji. Bµj… LSª«sVƒyµ³R…xmsoLRiª«sVV ÑÁÍýØÍýÜ[ ƒ«sVƒ«sõµj…. B¿RÁèÈÁ®ƒs[ NRPLiÀÁNSª«sVN][ÉÓÁ ¸R…VLRiVª«sµj…\¹¸…VµR…ª«s ¸R…W¿yLRiù ry*„sV zqsµôðj…ƒ«sLiµj…Lji. ª«sWLæRiª«sVµ³R…ùª«sVVƒ«s ry*„sV xmso»R½VN][äÈÁÍÜ[ ƒygji ¸R…V¿RÁèÈÁ N]¬sõ µj…ƒ«sª«sVVÌÁVLi²T…Lji. BÌÁ¸R…W»R½òLigRiV²T…ÍÜ[ »R½ª«sVNRPV xmspLRi*ry*„sVNTP ƒ«sµ³j…uîyƒ«s xmspLRi*ª«sVVgS »R½ª«sV Ë³ÏÁNRPòQùLiÇÁÖÁ¬s xqsª«sVLjiöLiÀÁLji. ¿y»R½VLSøxqsùQ\ZNP ¸R…V¿RÁèÈÁ ƒ«sVLi²T… ry*„sV ÇÁLi‡ÁVZNP[aRP*LRiª«sVVƒ«sZNP[gjiLji. ¿y»R½VLSøxqsù úª«s»yƒ«sLi»R½LRiª«sVV »R½LiÇØª«spLjiÍÜ[ N]ÌÁµj… NSÌÁª«sVVƒ«sVLi²T… NRPVLiË³ÏÁN][ßáª«sVVƒ«s ZNP[gjiLji. 1909ÍÜ[ NRPVLiË³ÏÁN][ßáª«sVVƒ«s ª«sV¥¦¦¦ª«sVÅÁª«sVV ÇÁLRiVgRiV¿RÁVƒ«sõµj…. xmsLiú®²…Li®²…[Li²ýR… N]NRPryLji LiVW úNRP»R½Vª«so ÇÁLRiVgRiVƒ«sV. ¸R…Wú¼½NRPVÌÁNRPV ª«sVhRi ¸R…WÇÁª«sWƒ«sùª«sVVƒ«s Ë³Ü[ÇÁƒyµj… r¢NRPLRiùª«sVVÌÁV NRPWLRiö‡Á®²…ƒ«sV. D»R½=ª«sª«sVVƒy²R…V ª«sV¥¦¦¦ª«sVÅÁ xqsL][ª«sLRiª«sVVƒ«s $ ry*„sVªyLRiV úNRP»R½*LigRi ryõƒ«sª«sVVƒ«sZNP[gRiVÈÁƒ«sV µR…Lji+LiÀÁ NRPƒ«sVõÌÁ xmsLi²R…Vª«s¹¸…[V Gƒ«sVgRiLiËØLji\|ms xmspÇÁùFyµR…VÌÁV |msµôR… ¸R…VWlLi[gjiLixmsoƒ«s ®ƒs[gjiLji.

„sµyù bPORPQßáÌÁV

1909 ƒyÉÓÁNTP ª«sVƒ«s ry*„sVªyLjiNTP xmsµR…V\®ƒsµR…V¹¸…[VLi²ýR…V. NRPVLiË³ÏÁN][ßáª«sVVƒ«sLi®µ…[ ª«sVhRi xmsLi²T…»R½VÌÁV lLiLi®²…[Li²ýR…V xqsLixqsäQX»R½ NSª«sùª«sVVÌÁƒ«sV ËÜ[µ³j…LiÀÁLji. ª«sVhRi FyÌÁNRP ª«sLæRiª«sVV, NRPVLiË³ÏÁN][ßáª«sVVNRPƒ«sõ „saSÌÁ\®ªsV, ú}msORPQNRP xqsª«sVWx¤¦¦¦xmso LRiµæk… »R½NRPVäª«sgS ƒ«sVLi²R…V úxms®µ…[aRPª«sVV „sµyùË³Øùxqsª«sVVƒ«s NRPƒ«sVª«sogS ƒ«sVLi²R…Vƒ«s¬s Ë³Ø„sLiÀÁLji. @ÅÁLi²R… NS®ªs[LjiNTP ƒ«sV»R½òLRi ¼d½LRiª«sVVƒ«s ƒ¯NRP xmsLñRiaSÍØ ¬sLSøßáª«sVV Â¿Á[¸R…V‡Á²T…ƒ«sµj…. 1911 ƒ«sVLi²T… 1914 ª«sLRiNRPV $ A¿yLRiùry*„sV ¸R…V¿RÁèÈÁ. „sµyùË³Øùxqsª«sVVƒ«sV, ª«sÌÁ¸R…VVbPORPQ¸R…VVƒ«sV {qs*NRPLjiLiÀÁLji ËÜ[µ³R…ù ËÜ[µ³R…NRPVÌÁNRPµj…¹¸…VVNRP „sÀÁú»yƒ«sVË³ÏÁª«sª«sVVgRiÌÁ xqsLi‡ÁLiµ³R…ª«sVV. ËÜ[µ³R…NRPVÌÁV ª«sVhRi bPxtsvùÌÁV, ËÜ[´R…VùÌÁV ª«sVhRi gRiVLRiVª«soÌÁV. @LiVVƒ«sƒ«sV ry*„sV xqsLixmspLñRi xmsLjigRißáƒ«sª«sVVƒ«sƒ«sV g_LRiª«sª«sVVƒ«sƒ«sV ªyLji bPORPQßáƒ«sV {qs*NRPLjiLiÀÁLji. ªyLRiVË³ÏÁ¸R…VVÌÁV »R½ª«sV NRPµj…¸R…Vƒ«sƒ«sù g_LRiª«sª«sVVgS xqsLiË³Ø„sLiÀÁLji.

xqsLigki»R½ aSxqsòQûÇìÁÙÛÍÁª«s*Q\lLiƒ«s »R½ÈÁzqósLiÀÁƒ«s¿][ ªyLji»][ÉÓÁ xqsLiË³ØxtsQßáÂ¿Á gSƒ«sNRPÎØ \®ƒsxmsoßáùª«sVVƒ«sV, „sxtsQ¸R…Wƒ«s Ë³ÏÁª«sª«sVVƒ«sV |msLiF~Liµj…Li¿RÁVÈÁNRPV ry*„sV ¸R…W¸R…Vª«sNSaRPª«sVVƒ«sV „s¬s¹¸…WgjiLiÂ¿Á²T…ªyLRiV. úxmsNRPX¼½ r¢LiµR…LRiù \®ªsË³ÏÁª«s xmsoÌÁNTP»R½VÌÁgRiVÈÁNRPV NS®ªs[Lki µk…*xmsª«sVVÌÁ NRPª«sNSaRPª«sVV NRPÖæÁƒ«sxmso®²…ÌýÁ ®ªsÛÎÁþ²T…ªyLRiV. ¿³y¸R…W ÀÁú»R½NSLRiVÌÁV NRPW²y ƒ«s¿RÁèÉÓÁ xmsLjixqsLRiª«sVVÌÁ r¢LiµR…LRiù ÀÁú»R½ßáª«sVVÌÁ }qsNRPLjiLi¿RÁVÈÁ ZNP[gRiVµR…VLRiV. ¿³y¸R…WÀÁú»R½ NRPÎÏÁ¸R…VLiµR…V NRPW²y ry*„sV NRPÕ³Á ¬s®ªs[aRPª«sVV NRPÌÁµR…V. ÅÁg][ÎÏÁ aSxqsòQûª«sVVƒ«sLiµR…Vƒ«sV. gRißÓá»R½ aSxqsòQûª«sVV ƒ«sLiµR…Vƒ«sV ªyLjiNTP xmsLji¿RÁ¸R…Vª«sVV NRPÌÁµR…V.

1914ÍÜ[ ƒy¿yLRiùry*„sV NRPVLiË³ÏÁN][ßá ª«sVhRiª«sVVƒ«sNRPV ª«sVLRiÖÁ ª«sÀÁèLji. @xmsöÉÓÁNTP ªyLjiNTPLRiVª«s®µ…[Li²ýR…V. @xmsöÉÓÁZNP[ ªyL]NRP „sÇìØƒ«s xqsLRi*xqs*ª«sVV. xmsLi²T…»R½VÛÍÁª«s\lLiƒ«s ªyLjiNRP²R…NRPV ®ƒs[gjiƒ«s ªyLRiV ªyLjiªyLji ¸R…VÕ³Áª«sWƒ«s aSxqsòQûª«sVVÌÁÍÜ[ ÍÜ[\¾»½ƒ«s úxmsaRPõÌÁƒ«sV ®ªs[zqs „sxtsQ¸R…Wª«sgSx¤¦¦¦ª«sVV Â¿Á[|qs²T…ªyLRiV. NRPVLiË³ÏÁN][ßáª«sVVƒ«s „sµyùË³Øùxqs xqsª«sV¸R…Vª«sVVƒ«s ªyLRiV gRiLi\lgiN]Li²R…¿][ÎÏÁxmsoLRiª«sVVƒ«sNRPV F¡LiVV ¸R…V¿RÁèÉÓÁ aSxqsƒ«sª«sVVÌÁƒ«sV ¼½ÌÁNTPLi¿RÁVÈÁ, ®µ…[ªyÌÁ¸R…V ªyxqsVòNRPÎØxmsLji¿RÁ¸R…Vª«sVV Â¿Á[zqsN]ƒ«sVÈÁ, ¹¸…VVNRP xms¬sgS |msÈíÁVN]¬sLji. BÈýÁV ry*„sV xqsLRi*ÇìÁ»R½*ª«sVVƒ«sNRPVƒ«sV, NSª«sVN][ÉÓÁ {mshSµ³j…xms»R½ùª«sVVƒ«sNRPVƒ«sV ª«sÌÁzqsƒ«s aRPNTPòryª«sVLóRiQùª«sVVÌÁƒ«sV ‡Áx¤¦¦¦§ª«sVVÅÁª«sVVgS xqsLi»R½LjiLi¿RÁVN]¬sLji.

ry*„sVNTP {mshRi ª«sùª«s¥¦¦¦LRi ¬sLRi*x¤¦¦¦ßá ¹¸…WgRiù ª«s¸R…VxqsV= LSNRPVLi²R…VÈÁÂ¿Á[ 1911 ƒ«sVLi²T… 1915 ª«sLRiNRPV {mshRiª«sVV ªyLïRiVÌÁ xmsLRiù®ªs[ORPQßáª«sVVƒ«s ƒ«s²R…Vxms ‡Á²R…V¿RÁVLi®²…ƒ«sV. ®ªs[V 1915ƒ«s ry*„sVNTP ¬sLRiVª«sµj… ¹¸…VVNRPä¹¸…[V²R…V µyÉÓÁƒ«sµj…. »R½µyµj… {mshRi ª«sùª«s¥¦¦¦LRiª«sVVÌÁ ¬sLRi*x¤¦¦¦ßá ª«sWú»R½ª«sVV ¬s¸R…V„sV»R½V\ÛÍÁƒ«s ¸R…VVµ][ùgRiVÌÁVƒ«sV, NSLRiùNRPLRiòÌÁVƒ«sV Â¿Á[¸R…VV¿RÁVLiµR…VLRiV. {mshRi ¬s¸R…V„sV»R½VÌÁ NTP¿RÁVè ƒyÇìØ xmsú»R½ª«sVVÌÁ\|ms {mshRiª«sVVúµR… ª«sWú»R½®ªs[V ¸R…VVLi²R…Vƒ«sV gS¬s {mshSµ³j…xms¼½ Â¿Á[úªyÌÁVLi²R…µR…V.

A ¹¸…[V²R…V aRPLiNRPLRi ÇÁ¸R…VLi»R½Vù»R½=ª«sª«sVVÌÁV |msµôR… Fs»R½Vòƒ«s ÇÁLjigjiƒ«s„s. ª«sVhRi ¸R…WÇÁª«sWƒ«sùª«sVVƒ«s ""ALRiù µ³R…LRiø'' ¸R…Vƒ«sV xqsLiÀÁNRP ®ªsÌÁVª«s²T…ƒ«sµj…. 1916 @Ní][‡ÁLRiVÍÜ[ ƒ«sª«sLS»R½VûQù»R½=ª«sª«sVVÌÁV ª«sVhRiª«sVVƒ«s ®µ…[µk…xmsùª«sWƒ«sª«sVVgS ƒ«sW»R½õ a][Ë³ÏÁ»][ ¬sLRi*z¤¦¦¦Lixms ‡Á²T…ƒ«s„s. xqsVú‡Áx¤¦¦¦øßáù Ë³ØLRi¼½ ¸R…Vƒ«sV NRP„dsLiúµR…V²R…V aýSxmnsV xmspLRi*NRPª«sVVgS ƒ¯NRP gRißá¬ds¸R…V ªyùxqsª«sVVƒ«sV NRPW²R… LRiÀÁLiÂ¿Áƒ«sV. µR…VLæS ÌÁOTPQQø xqsLRixqs*¼d½ LRiWzmsßÓágS ú¼½ª«sVWLSòQù»R½øNRP\®ªsVƒ«s ÇÁgRiƒyø»R½NRPV ƒ«sª«sLS»R½VûQù»R½=ª«sª«sVV ÛÍÁ[ÛÉÁ[ÈÁ Â¿Á[¸R…V‡Á²R…V xmsLi²R…VgRiÌÁV. xqsLigki»R½ „sµy*LixqsVÌÁÍÜ[ }mslLi¬sõNRPgRiƒ«sõ ª«sV¥¦¦¦ª«sVx¤¦¦¦§ÌÁV ry*„sV xqsª«sVORPQª«sVVƒ«s »R½ª«sV gSƒ«s \®ƒsxmsoßÓá¬s úxmsµR…Lji+LiÀÁLji. „sÇÁ¸R…VµR…aRP„sVƒyÉÓÁ LSú¼½ ¸R…W¿yLRiù ry*„sV xmsÈíÁßáª«sVLi»R½ƒ«sV |msµôR…¸R…VWlLi[gjiLixmsoƒ«s ®ƒs[gjiLji.

úFyÀdÁƒ«s „sµyùË³ÏÁVùµóR…LRißáNRPVƒ«sV, ryLizmnsVNRP xqsLiZOP[Qª«sVª«sVVƒ«sNRPVƒ«sV, $ ry*„sV úFyLRiLiÕ³ÁLiÀÁƒ«s »]ÖÁ NSLRiùúNRPª«sVª«sVVÌÁV ¿yÍØª«sLRiNRPV xmnsÌÁª«sLi»R½ª«sVV \ÛÍÁƒ«s„s. ""aSxqsòQû LRi»yõNRPLRi'' ®ªsVVµR…\ÛÍÁƒ«s ÕÁLRiVµR…VÌÁ»][ „sÆØù»R½ xmsLi²T…»][»R½òª«sVVÌÁV g_LRi„sLi‡Á‡Á²T…Lji. z¤¦¦¦LiµR…Wµ³R…LRiø „sxtsQLiVVNRP ªyùxqs LRi¿RÁƒ«sÍÜ[ F¡ÉÔÁÌÁV NRPÎØaSÍØ „sµyùLóRiVÌÁNRPV ÇÁLRiVxms‡Á²T…ƒ«s„s. „sµyù xqsLixqósÌÁÍÜ[ƒ«sV, NRPÎØaSÌÁÍÜ[ƒ«sV gRiÌÁ ¹¸…WgRiù„sµyùLóRiVÌÁNRPV ƒ«sVÀÁ»R½ ®ªs[»R½ƒ«sª«sVV ÛÍÁ[LSöÈÁV Â¿Á[¸R…V‡Á²T…ƒ«s„s. DÀÁ»y¸R…VVlLi[*µR… \®ªsµR…ùaSÌÁ ª«sVhRiª«sVVƒ«s ®ƒsÌÁN]ÌÁö‡Á²T…ƒ«sµj…. 1914c18ÍÜ[ ry*„sVªyLRiV NRPVLiË³ÏÁN][ßáª«sVVƒ«s ƒ«sVLi²R…gS úxms¼½ µj…ƒ«sª«sVV ry¸R…VLiNSÌÁª«sVVƒ«s gSƒ«s xqsË³ÏÁÌÁVgS¬s, „sµR…*µæ][xtîsvÌÁV gS¬s ÇÁLRiVxms‡Á®²…²T…„s. A¿yLRiùry*„sV ¸R…Vƒ«sV úgRix¤¦¦¦ª«sVVƒ«s\ZNP xmsLi²T…»R½VÌÁVƒ«sV xqsLigki»R½ „sµy*LixqsVÌÁVƒ«sV ƒyú»R½xms®²…²T…ªyLRiV. µR…LRi+NRP»R½*ª«sVVƒ«sNRPVƒ«sV, úF¡»y=x¤¦¦¦ª«sVVƒ«sNRPVƒ«sV, aSxqsòQû®ªs[»R½òÌÁV, BLiÇÁ¬dsLRiVÌÁV, ƒ«sµ³j…NSLRi ª«sLæRiª«sVVƒ«sV, NRPÎØaSÍØ ¿yLRiùª«sLRiVùÌÁVƒ«sV, ry*„sV µR…LRi+ƒ«sª«sVV Â¿Á[zqs N]ƒ«sV¿RÁVLi®²…²T…ªyLRiV. B»R½LRi ª«sV»yƒ«sV ¸R…W¸R…VVÌÁV, ""ªyLjiªyLji ª«sV»R½zqsµóyLi»R½ª«sVVÌÁLiµR…Vƒ«sV, „saS*xqsª«sVVÌÁLiµR…Vƒ«sV, ry*„sVªyLjiNTP gRiÉíÓÁxmsLji¿RÁ¸R…Vª«sVV NRPÌÁµR…¬s¸R…VV, ®ƒs[¹¸…[V róyLiVVNTP Â¿ÁLiµj…ƒ«sƒ«sV, ®ƒs[¹¸…[V LRiNRPª«sVVƒ«sNRPV Â¿ÁLiµj…ƒ«sƒ«sV. ƒyµ³yù¼½øNRP NRPXztsQ¬s ªyLRiV ®ªsV¿RÁVè N]®ƒs²T… ªyLRi¬s¸R…VV,'' xqsLi»R½zqsLiÂ¿Á²T…ªyLRiV. ry*„sV ryLigRi»R½ùª«sVVgRiÌÁ ¹¸…Vª«s*Q\lLiƒ«sƒ«sV ªyLji¬s ÇÁgRiµæR…VLRiVª«sogS gRißÓáLiÀÁ ¼d½lLi²T…ªyLRiV.

xqsLixmspLñRi Ë³ØLRi»R½®µ…[aRP ¸R…Wú»R½

(1919c1939)

ª«sVƒ«s xms„sú»R½ Ë³ØLRi»R½ª«sVVƒ«s ƒy¿yLRiùry*„sV xmsLRiùÈÁƒ«s ª«sWLjiè 1919ÍÜ[ ®ªsVVµR…ÖÁ²T…Lji. xqsVµk…LçRiNSÖÁNRP\®ªsV úxms¸R…Wxqs ‡Áx¤¦¦¦§ÎÏÁ##\®ªsVƒ«s LiVW xmsLRiùÈÁƒ«s¸R…Wª«sµy÷éLRi»R½ úxmsÇØ¬dsNRPª«sVVƒ«sNRPVƒ«sV ry*„sV µR…LRi+ƒ«sª«sVVƒ«sV, ƒybdPM NRPÉØORPQª«sVVÌÁ ƒ«sLiµR…Vƒ«sµR…XxtísQª«sVVNRPÖæÁLi¿RÁVÈÁÂ¿Á[ xmsLRiª«sV úxms¹¸…WÇÁƒ«sNSLji \¹¸…Vƒ«sµj…. ry*„sV ¸R…V´R…Vƒy»R½ƒ«s úxms¸R…Wßá r¢NRPLRiùª«sVVÌÁ®ƒs[ ª«sWú»R½ª«sVVƒ«sVxms¹¸…WgjiLixmsNRP ¿yÍØª«sLRiNRPV FyµR…¸R…Wú»R½ Â¿Á[¸R…VV¿RÁV, »R½xmsö¬sxqsLji\¹¸…Vƒ«sxmso²R…V ª«sWú»R½®ªs[V ®ªs[Vƒyƒ«sVªy²T…Lji. ª«sVh][µ][ùgRiVÌÁVƒ«sV, xmsLi²T…»R½VÌÁVƒ«sV, ®ªs[µyµ³R…ù¸R…Vƒ«sxmsLRiVÌÁVƒ«sV, xmsLji¿yLRiNS gRißáª«sVV, g][ª«soÌÁV ®ƒs[ƒæ«sVÌÁV ®ªsVVµR…\ÛÍÁƒ«s ÇÁLi»R½Vª«soÌÁVƒ«sV ry*„sV ƒ«sƒ«sVxqsLjiLiÀÁLji. xmspÇÁùFyµR…VÌÁV ry*„sV ª«sWLæRiª«sVVƒ«s ƒygjiƒ«s xqósÌÁª«sVVÌÁ ®ƒsÌýÁ Ë³ÏÁNRPòN][ÉÓÁ ryµ³R…ùQ\®ªsVƒ«sLi»R½ ¹¸…VNRPVäª«s NSÌÁª«sVV ry*„sV xqs¬sõµ³j…¬s }qs„sLi¿RÁVN]¬s ªyLji ¸R…Vƒ«sVúgRix¤¦¦¦ Fyú»R½VÌÁ¹¸…Vù²T…ªyLRiV. ¬s»yùƒ«sVuîyƒ«s {mshRi xmspÇØµj…NRP „sµ³j… ¬sLRi*x¤¦¦¦ßáª«sVV»][, FyÈÁV Ë³ÏÁNRPòÇÁƒyµR…LRißá, ¸R…VË³ØùgRi»R½ xqsª«sWøƒ«sª«sVV, µR…¸R…V»][ ®ƒsLRi®ªs[lLiè²T…ªyLRiV. ª«sVhRi ¬sLRi*x¤¦¦¦ßØµ³j…NSLRiVÌÁNRPVƒ«sV, ª«sV»R½ úxmsÇØË³ÏÁVùµR…¸R…V xqsLixqósÌÁNRPV xqsÌÁ¥¦¦¦ÌÁƒ«sV ¬s¿RÁVèÈÁ ry*„sVªyLji µj…ƒ«s¿RÁLRiùÌÁÍÜ[ ª«sVVÅÁùQ\®ªsVƒ«s„s. L][ÇÁÙ ®ªsVV»R½òª«sVVƒ«s lLiLi²R…V ª«sVW²R…V gRiLiÈÁÌÁ „súaSLi¼½ ª«sWú»R½®ªs[V ¼d½zqsN]®ƒs²T…ªyLRiV. Dxmsªyxqsª«sVVÌÁ ª«sVµ³R…ù ƒ«sxmsöV²R…xmsöV²R…V xqs*ÍØö ¥¦¦¦LRiª«sVV ¼d½zqsN]®ƒs²T…ªyLRiV. L][ÇÁÙL][ÇÁÙ |msLjilgi²T… xms¬s¹¸…VV¼½ò²T…ÍÜ[ „sxqsVgRiV„sLSª«sVª«sVV ÛÍÁ[NRPVLi²R… ry*„sV úxmsxqsƒ«sõª«sVVgS úxms¼½ „sxtsQ¸R…Vª«sVV ryª«sµ³yƒ«sª«sVVgS xqsLixmspLñRiª«sVVgS „s¿yLjiLixmsgRiÌÁVgRiVÈÁ ¸R…VµR…V÷é»yª«sx¤¦¦¦\®ªsVƒ«sµj…. A»][øƒ«sõ¼½gRiÌÁ ry*„sV zqós¼½ úxmsÇìÁÙÌÁƒ«sVÈÁ ¬sLji*ªyµyLiaRPª«sVV.

NRPVLiË³ÏÁN][ßáª«sVV »R½LiÇØª«spLRiV ÑÁÍýØÍÜ[ ƒ«sVƒ«sõµj…. ª«sWLjiè 1919ÍÜ[ ry*„sV ®ªsVVµR…ÉÓÁª«sVW²R…V xqsLiª«s»R½=LRiª«sVVÌÁVƒ«sV »R½LiÇØª«spLRiV ª«sVLi²R…ÌÁª«sVVƒ«sgRiÌÁ ª«sWLRiVª«sVWÌÁ ¸R…Wú»yxqósÌÁª«sVVÌÁNRPV NRPW²R… ®ƒs[gjiLji. NRPVLiË³ÏÁN][ßáª«sVVƒ«sNRPV »R½WLRiVöƒ«s \®ƒsµR…V\®ªsVÎÏÁþ µR…WLRiª«sVVgRiÌÁ ®ªsxmsö»R½WòLRiV úgSª«sVª«sVVƒ«s 1919ÍÜ[ ¿y»R½VLSøxqsù úª«s»R½ª«sVV ÇÁLjizmsLji. C úª«s»R½ª«sVV ª«sL<RiNSÌÁª«sVVƒ«s ÇÁLRiVxms‡Á²R…Vƒ«sV. ª«sL<RiNSÌÁª«sVVƒ«s Ë³ÏÁW„sV\|ms xqsLi¿RÁLjiLi¿RÁV úNTP„sVNUPÈÁNSµR…VÌÁNRPVgS¬s ª«sVàÓá¹¸…[V LiVV»R½LRi úFyßÓáNTPgS¬s ÒÁª«sz¤¦¦¦Lixqs ÇÁLRiVgRiVƒ«sƒ«sV Ë³ÏÁ¸R…Vª«sVVƒ«s xqsƒyùxqsVÌÁV FyµR…¿RÁÌÁƒ«sª«sVV Â¿Á[¸R…VLRiV. C úª«s»][®µô…[aRPù„sVµj…. Auy²R… xmspLñjiª«sV ªyùxqsxmspLñjiª«sV. ƒyÉÓÁƒ«sVLi²T… lLiLi²R…Vª«sWxqsª«sVVÌÁV xqsƒyùxqsVÍÜNRP úxms®µ…[aRPª«sVVƒ«s ƒ«sVLi²R…ª«sÛÍÁƒ«sV. ªyùxqsË³ÏÁgRiªyƒ«sV²R…V ú‡Áx¤¦¦¦ø xqsWú»R½NRPLRiò ry*„sVªyLji ‡ÁxqsNRPV F¡LiVV Ë³ÏÁNRPVòÌÁV xqs„sƒ«s¸R…Vª«sVVgS úxmsßá„sVÛÍýÁ²T…ªyLRiV.

1920ÍÜ[ ª«sVx¤¦Ü[µR…¸R…V aRPVË³Øª«sxqsLRiª«sVVƒ«s ƒy¿yLRiù ry*„sV ®ªs[µyLRißáù xqsª«sVVúµR…ª«sVVƒ«s ryõƒ«s ª«sW¿RÁLjiLiÀÁLji. C xqsLiª«s»R½=LRiª«sVV ªyùxqsxmspÇÁ, ¿y»R½VLSøxqsù úª«s»R½ª«sVV ª«sW¸R…Vª«sLRiª«sVVƒ«s ÇÁLjigjiƒ«s„s. ry*„sV LiVV¿RÁèÈÁ ƒ«sVƒ«sõ ¹¸…VVNRPµj…ƒ«sª«sVVƒ«s ƒ¯NRP ª«sVx¤¦¦¦ª«sVøµk…¸R…Vª«sXµôðR…V ry*„sV µR…LRi+ƒ«s ª«sVLójiLiÂ¿Áƒ«sV. @ƒ«sVÇìÁ µ]LRiNRPgS®ƒs[ ¸R…W»R½¬s ¸R…Wƒ«sLiµR…ª«sVVƒ«sNRPV ®ªs[VLRiÛÍÁ[µR…V. ry*„sV ¸R…W®µ…[aSƒ«sVryLRiª«sVV ª«sVVxqsÍØøƒ«sV Brýyª«sVV ª«sV»R½ zqsµôðyLi»R½ª«sVVÌÁ ƒ«s¿RÁèÉÓÁ úa][»R½ÌÁNRPV „sª«sLjiLiÂ¿Áƒ«sV. ÀÁª«sLRiNRPV ƒy»R½²R…V |qsÌÁª«so \lgiN]¬s ®ªsÎýÏÁ§¿RÁV ry*„sV ryOSQ»R½Vò Ë³ÏÁgRiª«sLi»R½V®²…[ ¸R…V®ƒsƒ«sV.

1921ÍÜ[ NRPVLiË³ÏÁN][ßáª«sVVƒ«s ª«sV¥¦¦¦ª«sVÆÜ[»R½=ª«sª«sVV ÇÁLjigjiƒ«sµj…. xmsLjixqsLRiª«sVVÌÁ xmsLRiùÉÓÁLi¿RÁV ry*„sV NRPVLiË³ÏÁN][ßáª«sVVƒ«sZNP[lgiƒ«sV. NS¬s ª«sVhRiª«sVVƒ«sNRPV F¡ÛÍÁ[µR…V. „sÇÁ¸R…V¸R…Wú»R½ xmsLjixqsª«sWzmsò NSNRPVLi²R… ª«sVhRiª«sVVƒ«s NSÌÁV |msÈíÁNRPW²R…µR…ƒ«sV ¬s¸R…Vª«sVª«sVV NRPÌÁµR…V. NSLiúlgixqsV ª«sÌÁLiÉÔÁLRiV ÌÁ®ƒs[NRPVÌÁV ª«sVx¤¦Ü[»R½=ª«sª«sVV úxmsaSLi»R½ª«sVVgS úNRPª«sV‡ÁµóR…ª«sVVgS ÇÁLRiVgRiVƒ«sÈýÁV ry¸R…Vxms²T…Lji. ÐÁÍØxmns»R½V ª«sÌÁLiÉÔÁLRiVÌÁ ‡ÁXLiµR…ª«sVV NRPW²R… NRPÌÁµR…V. ªyLS¿yLRiù ry*„sV¬s Ë³ÏÁNTPò úxmsxms»R½VòÌÁ»][ }qs„sLi¿RÁVN]¬sLji. ªyLji }qsªy¬sLRi¼½NTP ry*„sV xqsLi»R½zqsLiÀÁ ªyLjiƒybdPLRi*µj…LiÀÁLji. úxmsª«sVVÅÁ ÇØ¼½ ƒy¸R…VNRPVÌÁÍÜ[ ƒ¯NRP\lLiƒ«s xqsVú‡Áx¤¦¦¦øßáùbPª«s xmsÉíÓÁ¸R…Vª«sLRiª«sVVƒ«s ƒy¿yLRiù ry*„sV¬s NRPÖÁzqs ª«sW»R½X®µ…[ª«s xmsLjiFyÌÁƒy ry*»R½Liú»R½ª«sVVƒ«sNRPVƒ«sV Ë³ØLRi»R½ úxmsÇØ¬dsNRPª«sVV \®µ…ª«s Ë³ÏÁNTPò xqsLixqsƒ«sõª«sVgRiVÈÁNRPVƒ«sV ƒ«sƒ«sVúgRiz¤¦¦¦Lixmso²R…¬s ¸R…VLójiLiÂ¿Áƒ«sV. ry*„sV »R½ORPQßá®ªs[V ¸R…WbdPLRi*µj…LiÀÁ ¸R…W lLiLi²R…V ª«sV¥¦¦¦aRP¸R…Vª«sVVÌÁVƒ«sV ®ƒsLRi®ªs[LRigRiÌÁLRi¬s |qsÌÁ„sÀÁèLji. 1918ÍÜ[ ÆØµk… ¸R…VVµR…ùª«sVª«sVV úFyª«sVVÅÁùª«sVV ƒ«sLiµj…ƒ«sxmsöÉÓÁ ƒ«sVLi²T… ry*„sV ÅÁµôðR…LRiV®ƒs[ µ³R…LjiLiÂ¿Á²T… ªyLRiƒ«sVƒ«sµj… úxmsaRPLiaRP¬ds¸R…Vª«sVV.

ry*„sV »R½LiÇØª«spLRiV ª«sVLi²R…ÌÁª«sVVƒ«s xmsÛÍýÁxmsÛÍýÁNRPV xqsLi¿RÁLjiLi¿RÁV µj…ƒ«sª«sVVÌÁÍÜ[ ƒ¯NRPƒy²R…V lLiLi²R…V ª«sLiµR…ÌÁ ª«sVLiµj… x¤¦¦¦LjiÇÁƒ«sVÌÁV ryõƒ«sª«sVVÂ¿Á[zqs aRPVúË³ÏÁ ª«sxqsòQûª«sVVÌÁV µ³R…LjiLiÀÁ FnyÌÁª«sVVÌÁƒ«sV „sË³ÏÁW¼½ ƒ«sÌÁµj… ry*„sV µR…LRi+ƒyLóRiª«sVV ®ªs[ÀÁ ¸R…VVLi²T…Lji. ry*„sV úxmsxqsƒ«sVõQQ\ÛÍÁ ªyLji ¹¸…WgRi ZOP[Qª«sVª«sVVÌÁƒ«sLRizqs N]Li»R½}qsxmso ªyLji»][ xqsLiË³ØztsQLiÀÁLji. ªyLjiNTP ƒ«sW»R½õ ª«sxqsòQû úxmsµyƒ«sª«sVV ÛÇÁ[zqsLji. ry*„sV ¸R…Wú»R½ÌÁÍÜ[¬sÉíÓÁ®ªsƒ¯[õ »R½ÈÁzqósLiÀÁƒ«s„s. F¢LRi úxmsÇØ¬dsNRPª«sV¬sƒ«s ry*„sV NRPLi»R½VÛÍÁ[¬s µR…¸R…V. xqsLixmsƒ«sVõÛÍÁÌýÁLRiV µk…ƒ«s xqsª«sVVµôR…LRißáª«sVV Â¿Á[¸R…Vª«sÌÁ¸R…VVƒ«sVƒ«s¬s¸R…VV. ª«sVhRi„dsV NSLRiù¬sLRi*x¤¦¦¦ßáª«sVVƒ«s ƒ«súgRigS„sV NSª«sÌÁ¸R…VVƒ«s¬s¸R…VV ªylLixmsöV²R…Vƒ«sV Â¿Á|msö²T…ªyLRiV. ry*„sV LS®ªs[VaRP*LRiª«sVVƒ«sZNP[gji }qs»R½V \|qsNRP»R½ª«sVVƒ«sV g]¬sLji. µk…¬s¬s gRiLigRiÍÜ[ NRPÌÁVxmsoÈÁ ¸R…W¿yLRiLi. Bµj…¸R…W }qs»R½Vz¤¦¦¦ª«sW¿RÁÌÁ ª«sWµ³yù¼½øNRP ƒ«s\®ªsVNRPùª«sVLiµR…ª«sÛÍÁƒ«sƒ«sV ¸R…WaRP¸R…Vª«sVVƒ«sNRPV ÀÁx¤¦¦¦õª«sVV.

LSª«sVƒyµ³R…xmsoLRiª«sVV, ª«sVµ³R…VLRi, ¼½LRiVƒ«sÛÍÁ[*ÖÁ ª«sVLi²R…ÌÁª«sVVÌÁÍÜ[xmsLRiùÉÓÁLiÀÁ ry*„sV ÇÁLi‡ÁVZNP[aRP*LRiª«sVV Â¿Á[LjiLji. @µj… »yÈÁLiNRP úxms¼½uîyxqsª«sV¸R…Vª«sVV. 1908ÍÜ[ ry*„sV ¸R…V¿RÁèÉÓÁ ZNP[gjiƒ«s xqsLigRi¼½¸R…VV, ƒyµj… aRPLiNRPLRiVÌÁÐÁÍØLi®²…[aRP*Lki ®µ…[„sNTP »yÈÁLiNRP úxmsµyƒ«sª«sVV ÛÇÁ[zqsƒ«s „sxtsQ¸R…Vª«sVV ª«sVVLi®µ…[ ¾»½ÖÁzms¼½„sVgRiµy. »R½»R½WöLRi*ª«sVV ®µ…[„s ¸R…VVúgRiª«sVWLjiògS ƒ«sVLi®²…²T… µR…¬s¸R…VV ƒyµj…aRPLiNRPLRiVÌÁV $ ¿RÁúNSLiNTP»R½ »yÈÁLiNRP úxmsµyƒ«sª«sVVƒ«s úxmsxqsƒ«sõƒ«sV ÛÇÁ[zqsLRi¬s¸R…VV gSµ³R…. @xmsöV²R…xmsöV²U… »yÈÁLiNRPª«sVVÌÁNRPV ª«sÌÁzqsƒ«s ª«sVLRiª«sVø»R½V ÛÇÁ[zqs ª«sVLRiÌÁ |msÈíÁV¿RÁVLiµR…VLRiV. C ª«sVx¤¦¦¦»R½òLRi NSLRiùúNRPª«sV ¬sLRi*x¤¦¦¦ßá ËØµ³R…ù»R½ $ NRPLiÀÁNSª«sVN][ÉÓÁ {mshSµ³j…®ƒs[»R½ÌÁµj…. 1846ÍÜ[ ƒ¯NRPryLji »yÈÁLiNRP xmsoƒ«sLRiÍØNRPLRißáLi ÇÁLjigjiƒ«sµj…. ª«sVLRiÌÁ¬sxmsöV²R…V 1923ÍÜ[ ¬ds xms„sú»R½ ª«sVx¤¦Ü[»R½=ª«s NSLRiùúNRPª«sVª«sVVƒ«sZNP ª«sVƒ«s ry*„sVªyLRiV ÇÁLi‡ÁVZNP[aRP*LRiª«sVV ®ªs×ÁþLji. ª«sV¥¦¦¦ Ë³ÏÁNRPVòÛÍÁÌýÁLRiV xqsª«sW„sxtñsv\ÛÍÁ C ª«sVx¤¦Ü[»R½=ª«sª«sVVƒ«s FyÍæÜLiµR…VLRiV. C ¸R…VV»R½=ª«sª«sVVƒ«s úxms¼½ „sxtsQ¸R…Vª«sVV ƒ«s¼½úaRPµôðyË³ÏÁNRPVòÌÁ»][ ÇØgRiVLRiWNRPª«sVVgS ¬sLRi*z¤¦¦¦Lixms‡Á²R…Vƒ«sV. xmsoƒ«sLRiVµôR…LRißØƒ«sLi»R½LRiª«sVV ƒ«s¿RÁèÉÓÁ NSª«sVN][ÉÓÁ {mshRiª«sVhRiª«sVV xmsoƒ«sM úFyLRiLiÕ³ÁLixms ‡Á²T…ƒ«sµj…. ª«sVhRiª«sVVƒ«sƒ¯NRP ®ªs[µR… FyhRiaSÌÁ¸R…VV, ®ªs[µyµ³R…ù¸R…Vª«sVVƒ«s ZNP[LiúµR…ª«sVVƒ«sV ®ƒsÌÁN]ÌÁö‡Á²T…ƒ«s„s. 1922ÍÜ[ ¼½LRiVÀÁèÍÜ[ ÇÁLjigjiƒ«s ¹¸…VVNRP xqsË³ÏÁÍÜ[ xqsL`i ®ªsWORPQgRiVLi²R…Li „sZaP[*aRP*LRi¸R…Vù »R½ƒ«s ¸R…VVxmsƒ«s¸R…Vƒ«sª«sVV ÇÁLi‡ÁVZNP[aRP*LRiª«sVV ƒ«sLiµR…ÖÁ NSª«sVN][ÉÓÁ {mshRiª«sVhRiª«sVLi®µ…[ ÇÁLjigjiƒ«sÈýÁV Â¿Á|msöƒ«sV.

»yÈÁLiNRP úxms¼½uîyƒ«sLi»R½LRiª«sVV ry*„sVªyLji ¸R…Wú»R½ úFyLRiLiË³ÏÁ##\®ªsVƒ«sµj…. xqsµybPª«sú‡Á}¤¦¦¦øLiúµR…VÌÁ ¸R…Vµ³j…uîyƒ«sª«sVVgRiÌÁ ®ƒsLRiWLRiVƒ«sNRPV ry*„sV ªyLRiV ®ªsVVµR…ÈÁ ®ªs×ÁþLji. NRPVLiË³ÏÁN][ßáª«sVVƒ«sNRPV xqs„dsVxmsª«sVVƒ«sgRiÌÁ ""¼½LRiV„s\ZaPƒ«sÌýÁWLRiVƒ«s'' xmsoÉíÓÁƒ«s xqsµybPª«sú‡Á}¤¦¦¦øLiúµR…V ÌÁ¼½»R½*LRiÍÜ[ ÒÁª«sƒ«sVøNRPVòQ\ÛÍÁ NS®ªs[Lki ¼d½LRiúFyLi»R½ª«sVLiµR…ª«sµ³R…W¾»½[LiúµR…VÌÁVgS xqsLi¿RÁLjiLi¿RÁV¿RÁV xqsª«sVNSÖÁNRP úxmsÇØ¬dsNRPª«sVV\|ms ƒy¸R…Vƒ«s ¸R…WbdPMúxmsË³Øª«sª«sVV ¿RÁW|ms²T…ªyLRiV. $ xmsLRiª«sV bP®ªs[LiúµR… xqsLRixqs*¼½ ¸R…W¸R…Vƒ«s „sµyù gRiVLRiVª«so. xqsµybP®ªs[LiúµR…VÌÁ®ƒs[ NS\®µ…Q*»R½ úgRiLi´R…ª«sVVÌÁƒ«sV Ë³ÏÁNTPò LRixqsª«sVV»][ gRiW²T…ƒ«s NUPLRiòƒ«sÌÁƒ«sV LRiÀÁLiÀÁLji. ®ƒsLRiWLRiVÍÜ[ ry*„sVªyLRiVƒ«sõxmsöV²R…V xqsµy bPª«sú‡Á}¤¦¦¦øLiúµR…VÌÁ ¸R…Vµ³j…uîyƒ«sª«sVVƒ«s®ƒs[ µj…ƒ«sª«sVVƒ«s ¿yÍØ }qsxmso ƒ«s²T…|ms²T…ªyLRiV. @xmsöV²R…V xqsµybPª«s ú‡Á}¤¦¦¦øLiúµR…VÌÁ ¸R…WµR…LRi+ ÒÁ„s»R½ª«sVVƒ«sV ƒ«sª«sVWÌÁù xqsLi®µ…[aRPª«sVVÌÁV ¬sÀÁèƒ«s xmnsÖÁ»R½ª«sVVÌÁ gRiWLjiè ry*„sV úxmsaSLi»R½LigS xqsLiË³Ø„sLiÂ¿Á²T…ªyLRiV.

¼½LRiVÀÁè xqs„dsVxmsª«sVVƒ«sgRiÌÁ NRPVÌÁVª«sV¬s úgSª«sVª«sVVƒ«sNRPV ry*„sV ®ƒsLRiWLRiVƒ«sVLi²T… ®ªs×ÁþLji. \ZNPQQûxqsòª«s ª«sV»R½ª«sVVƒ«sV {qs*NRPLjiLiÀÁ ¸R…VLiµj…LRiVª«sµj… xqsLiª«s»R½=LRiª«sVVÌÁV ÒÁ„s»R½ª«sVV gRi²T…zmsƒ«s $ ¸R…V£mns. ÑÁ. ƒ«sÛÉÁ[aRP @¸R…VùLRiV ¼½LRiVÀÁèÍÜ[®ƒs[ ¸R…VVLi®²…²T… úxmsª«sVVÅÁ ª«sùQQNTPò. INRP µj…ƒ«sª«sW¸R…Vƒ«s ZNP[LRiÎÏÁNRPV Â¿ÁLiµj…ƒ«s ¹¸…VVNRP ¸R…VVª«sNRPV²R…V \ZNPQQûxqsòª«s ª«sV»R½ {qs*NSLRiª«sVVƒ«s\ZNP ¼½LRiVÀÁèNTP LSgS ªy¬s¬s ®ªsLiÈÁ ¬s²R…VN]¬s ry*„sV NRP²R…NRPVF¡¹¸…Vƒ«sV. ry*„sV ¸R…W¸R…VVª«sNRPV¬s»][ N]ÌÁµj… µj…ƒ«sª«sVVÌÁV ª«sWÉýØ²T… z¤¦¦¦LiµR…W µ³R…LRiø úxmsµ³yƒ«s xqsWú»R½ª«sVVÌÁƒ«sV ªy¬sZNPLRiVNRP xmsLRiÀÁLji. B»R½LRi ª«sV»R½ª«sVVÌÁÍÜ[ gRiÌÁ ¸R…Wµ³yù¼½øNRP ª«sWLæRiª«sVVÌÁV z¤¦¦¦LiµR…W ª«sV»R½ª«sVVƒ«s ÛÍÁ[¬s„s gSª«s¬s xqsöxtísQxmsLRiÀÁLji. „sVLiÀÁ z¤¦¦¦LiµR…W ª«sV»R½ª«sVVƒ«sN]¬sõ úxms¾»½[ùNRP úxms¹¸…WÇÁƒ«sª«sVVÌÁV gRiW²R…NRPÌÁª«so. NS¬s z¤¦¦¦LiµR…W ª«sV»R½ª«sVVƒ«sV ª«sµj…ÖÁ xmsLRi ª«sV»R½ {qs*NSLRiª«sVV Â¿Á[¸R…VVÈÁNRPV }¤¦¦¦»R½V®ªs[„sV¸R…VVgSƒ«sLSµR…¬sLji. Bµj… „s¬s ZNP[LRiÎÏÁƒ«sVLi²T… ª«sÀÁèƒ«s ¸R…VVª«sNRPV²R…V »yƒ«sV xmsoÉíÓÁƒ«s z¤¦¦¦LiµR…Wª«sV»R½ ª«sVx¤¦¦¦»R½ùª«sVVƒ«sLiµR…V „saS*xqs xmspLñRiV\®²… LiVVLiÉÓÁNTPF¡¹¸…Vƒ«sV.

INRP xqsLiª«s»R½=LRiª«sVV Â¿ÁÉíÓÁƒy²R…V, xmsoµR…VN][äÈÁ xqsLiróyƒ«sª«sVVÌÁÍÜ[ ry*„sV xqsLi¿yLRiª«sVVÂ¿Á[zqsLji. »R½»R½=ª«sV¸R…Vª«sVVƒ«s ƒ«s®ƒs[NRP xmsLi²T…»R½VÌÁV, LSÇÁNUP¸R…V NSLRiùNRPLRiòÌÁV, ÇØ¼d½¸R…V ƒy¸R…VNRPVÌÁV, ƒy¿yLRiù ry*„sV¬s µR…Lji+LiÀÁ, ªyLji¸R…Vƒ«sVúgRix¤¦¦¦Fyú»R½V\ÛÍÁLji. 1925 ÍÜ[ ²y.„s.„s. ry*„sVƒyµ³R… @¸R…VùLRiV @ƒ«sV úxmsxmsLi¿RÁ ÆØù¼½ƒ«sLiµj…ƒ«s »R½„sVÎÏÁ „sµR…*µR…*LRiV²R…V ""µyOTPQßØ»R½ùNRPÎØ¬sµ³j…'' ¸R…Vƒ«sV ÕÁLRiVµR… úxmsµyƒ«sª«sVV ƒ«sLi®µ…ƒ«sV, ry*„sV ‡ÁxqsNRPV µR…gæRiLRiÍÜ[ ƒ«sVƒ«sõLi»R½ NSÌÁª«sW¸R…Vƒ«s ry*„sV Â¿Á[¸R…VV {mshRi xmspÇØµj…NRPª«sVVƒ«sV úaRPµôðR…gS µR…Lji+LiÂ¿Á²T…ªyLRiV. »R½ƒ«s xmspLS*ƒ«sVË³ÏÁª«sª«sVVƒ«sV xqsøLjiLi¿RÁVN]¬s ¸R…W¸R…Vƒ«s BÈýÁV Â¿Á|msöƒ«sV. ""ƒyNRPV xmsµR…V®ƒs¬s„sV®µ…[Li²ýR… úFy¸R…Vª«sVVƒ«s ƒ«sLRiVª«sµj…¸R…Vª«s {mshSµ³j…xms¼½\¹¸…Vƒ«s $ ª«sV¥¦¦¦®µ…[®ªs[LiúµR… xqsLRixqs*¼½ry*„sV µR…LRi+ƒ«sª«sVV Â¿Á[zqsN]LiÉÓÁ¬s. ƒyÉÓÁ ¸R…Vƒ«sVË³ÏÁW¼½ „sZaP[xtsQ®ªs[V ƒyNRPV ®ƒs[²R…V NRPÌæÁV¿RÁVƒ«sõµj….'' ry*„sV Â¿ÁÉíÓÁ ƒyÉÓÁ xmsLRiùÈÁƒ«sÍÜ[ ƒ¯NRP ª«sV¥¦¦¦ bPª«sË³ÏÁNRPVò²R…V \®²…ƒ«s gRiLRiª«sVV LSª«sVƒyµ³R…ª«sVV Â¿ÁÉíÓÁ¸R…WLRiV NRPW²R…®ƒs[»yµR…XaSƒ«sV Ë³ÏÁª«s „sZaP[xtsQ®ªs[V ry*„sV xmspÇØ µR…LRi+ƒ«sª«sVVƒ«s ƒ«sLi®µ…ƒ«sV. Â¿ÁÉíÓÁƒyÉÓÁ úxmsÇÁÌÁV, aRP²T…¸R…Vxms¼½òÍÜ[ ƒ¯NRP |msµôR… ¸R…VWlLi[gjiLixmsoƒ«sV ª«sV¥¦¦¦\®ªsË³ÏÁª«sª«sVVgS ®ƒs[LSöÈÁV Â¿Á[zqsLji. C ¸R…VWlLi[gjiLixmsoƒ«s ry*„sV Â¿ÁÉíÓÁ¸R…WLRiV\ZNP ¬sLkiOTPQLiÀÁLji. NS¬s ¸R…W¸R…Vƒ«s NRP¬söLixmsÛÍÁ[µR…V. D»R½=ªyƒ«sLi»R½LRiª«sVV Â¿ÁÉíÓÁ¸R…WLRiV xqsª«sW¿yLRiª«sVVƒ«sVgRiWLjiè ry*„sV¸R…V²T…gjiLji. ÇÁƒ«s xqsª«sVWx¤¦¦¦ª«sVVƒ«s NSª«sÌÁ¬sÌÁ‡Á²T…ª«soƒ«sõ ¸R…VVƒ«sõ Â¿ÁÉíÓÁ¸R…WLRiV xmsÖÁZNPƒ«sV. ElLi[gjiLixmsoƒ«s NRPƒ«s‡Á²R…ÛÍÁ[®µ…[ª«sV¬s ry*„sV ¸R…V²R…VgRigS ""ƒy LSú¼½ FyÌÁNUP¬s®ªsW¸R…VV Ë³ØgRiùª«sVV NRPÖÁgjiƒ«sµR…¬s'' Â¿ÁÉíÓÁ¸R…WLRiV xqsª«sWµ³yƒ«s„sVÂ¿Áèƒ«sV. ry*„sV ¸R…WµR…LRiFyú»R½V\®²…ƒ«s ª«sVàÓá¹¸…VVNRP }mslLi¬sõNRP gRiƒ«sõ »R½„sVÎÏÁ xqsLixqsäQX¼½ xmsLi²T…»R½ª«sLRiVù²R…V $ xmsLi²T…»R½ª«sVßÓá ¸R…Vª±sV. NRPµj…lLi[aRPƒ±s Â¿ÁÉíÓÁ¸R…WLRiV. „dsLRiVƒ«sV Â¿ÁÉíÓÁƒyÉÓÁ ªylLi[. A¿yLRiùry*„sV¸R…VV, xmsLi²T…»R½ª«sVßÓá¸R…VV úFyÀdÁƒ«s »R½„sVÎÏÁ ryz¤¦¦¦»R½ù úgRiLi´R…ª«sVVÌÁƒ«sV gRiWLjiè¸R…VV, »R½„sVÎÏÁ xqsLixqsäQX»yµ³R…ù¸R…Vƒ«sª«sVVÌÁ¸R…VÕ³Áª«sXµôðj…¬s gRiVàÓáLiÀÁ ¼d½zqsN]ƒ«sª«sÌÁzqsƒ«s ¿RÁLRiùÌÁƒ«sV gRiWLjiè¸R…VV xqsª«sWÍÜ[¿RÁƒ«s Â¿Á[zqsLji.

@xmsöÉÓÁÍÜ[ ry*„sV µR…LRi+ƒ«sª«sVV Â¿Á[zqsN]¬sƒ«s LSÇÁNUP¸R…V ®ªs[»R½òÌÁV ÇØ¼d½¸R…V ƒy¸R…VNRPVÌÁÍÜ[ úxmsª«sVVÅÁVÌÁV $ zqs.AL`i.µyxqsV, $ xqs»R½ùª«sVWLjiò, $ Fs.LRiLigRiry*„sV @¸R…VùLigSLRiV, $ ÇÁª«sVƒ±sÍØÍÞ ‡ÁÇØÇÞ, $ zqs.LSÇÁg][FyÌÁ¿yLji ®ªsVVµR…\ÛÍÁƒ«sªyLRiV. ÀÁª«sLjiªyLRiV ry*„sV¬s 1926 ÍÜ[ ÇÁLi‡ÁVZNP[aRP*LRiª«sVVƒ«s NRPÖÁzqsLji. $ zqs.LSÇÁg][FyÍØ¿yLji ÇÁª«sVƒ±sÍØÍÞ‡ÁÇØÇÞƒ«sV ÍÜ[¬sNRPLizms »yƒ«sV ®ªsÎÏÁþÛÍÁ[µR…V. ry*„sV $ LSÇÁg][FyÍØ¿yLji ÍÜ[¬sNTP LSNRPVLi²R…VÈÁNRPV NSLRißáª«sV²T…gjiLji. »yƒyƒy²R…V ryõƒ«sª«sVV Â¿Á[¸R…VÛÍÁ[µR…¬s ¸R…W¸R…Vƒ«s xqsª«sWµ³yƒ«s„sVÂ¿Áèƒ«sV. @xmsöV²R…V ry*„sV ÇØ¼d½¸R…V xqsLiZOP[Qª«sV NSLRiùúNRPª«sV¬sª«sVgRiVõQQ\ÛÍÁƒ«s ªyLjiNTP ryõƒ«s FyƒyµR…VÌÁNRPª«sNSaRPª«sVVLi²R…NRP F¡ª«s¿RÁVèƒ«s¬sLji. $ LSÇÁg][FyÍØ¿yLji ÒÁ„s»R½ª«sVV®ƒs[ ÇØ¼½}qsª«s NRPLiNTP»R½ª«sVVÂ¿Á[|qsƒ«sV. NSƒ«s ®ƒsÉíÓÁxmsLjizqós»R½VÌÁÍÜ[\®ƒsƒ«s ®ƒsxmsöV\®²…ƒ«s ƒy¸R…Vƒ«s ª«s¿RÁVèÈÁNRPË³ÏÁùLi»R½LRiª«sVVLi²R…µR…¬sLji. ry*„sV LSÇÁNUP¸R…V ®ªs[»R½òÌÁNRPV ÇØ¼d½¸R…V ƒy¸R…VNRPVÌÁNRPV ƒ¯NRP „sxtsQ¸R…Vª«sVV xqsöxtísQª«sVVÂ¿Á[zqsLji. »yª«sVVxqsƒyùxqsVÌÁ ª«sVgRiVÈÁÂ¿Á[ LSÇÁNUP¸R…V xmsORPQª«sVV»][ \®ƒsNRPùË³Øª«sª«sVV ƒ«sLiµR…ÇØÌÁª«sV¬sLji. NS¬s ¹¸…VVNRPä „sxtsQ¸R…VLi ª«sWú»R½Li úxmsÇØ}qsª«sNRPVÌÁ ®ƒsÌýÁLRiƒ«sVN][LRiVµR…Vª«sV¬sLji. úxmsÇØúZaP[¸R…V®ªs[V®µ³…[ù¸R…VLigS »R½ª«sV NSLRiùúNRPª«sVª«sVVÌÁV ªyLRiV Â¿Á[¸R…Vª«sÌÁƒ«s¬s¸R…VV, úxmsÇØN][ÉÓÁ \®µ…ª«sË³ÏÁNTPò ´R…LSøƒ«sVLRiNTPò NRPÌÁªyLRiÌÁgRiVƒ«sÈýÁV Â¿Á[¸R…VVÈÁ ®µ…[aRP }qsª«sNRPVÌÁ ª«sVVÅÁù NRPLRiòª«sùª«sV¬s¸R…VV ªyLRiV ƒ«s¿RÁè Â¿ÁzmsöLji.

1926 ÇÁLjigjiƒ«s ¹¸…VVNRP xqsLixmnsVÈÁƒ«s xqsøLRißÔá¸R…VLi. ry*„sV ª«sLRiLi‡ÁNRPVä²T…ƒ«sVLi²T… xmsÈíÁVN][ÈÁNRPV xms¸R…V¬sLi¿RÁV ¿RÁVLi²T…Lji. ry*„sVNTP „ds²][äÌÁV¬s¿RÁVè ªyLjiÍÜ[ N]LiµR…LRiV ª«sVVxqsÍØøƒ«sVÌÁV ƒ«sVLi²T…Lji. g_LRiª«s xqsW¿RÁNRPª«sVVgS ƒ¯NRP ª«sVx¤¦¦¦øµk…¸R…VV²R…V ry*„sV FyÌÁNUP¬s Â¿Á[»R½VÌÁ»][ »yNRPV¿RÁVLi®²…ƒ«sV. ª«sVW²R…V \®ªsVÎýÏÁ§ F¡LiVVƒ«s »R½LS*»R½ ry*„sV ªyLSzms ¸R…W ª«sVVxqsÍØøƒ«sV ZOP[Qª«sV xqsª«sW¿yLRiª«sVV ÌÁ²T…lgiƒ«sV. @»R½²R…V »R½ƒ«s \®ªs¸R…VNTPòNRP„sxtsQ¸R…Vª«sVVÌÁ N]¬sõÉÓÁ¬s ry*„sV ¸R…W®µ…[aRPª«sVVƒ«s\ZNP ¾»½ÖÁzms »yƒ«sV LRiÀÁLiÀÁƒ«s xms®µô…ª«sVVÌÁV ¾»½ÀÁèƒ«s xmnsÌÁxmsoxtsQöª«sVVÌÁV xqsª«sVLjiöLi¿RÁVN]®ƒsƒ«sV. ry*„sV ¸R…WÇìÁ®ªs[VLRiNRPV ƒy»R½²R…V NRP„s»y gSƒ«sª«sVV Â¿Á[zqs Ë³Øª«s„sª«sLRißáª«sVV Â¿Á[|qsƒ«sV. |qsÌÁª«soƒ«sLiµj… ®ªsÎÏÁ§þ¿RÁVƒy»R½²R…V ""ƒy NRPƒ«sVõÌÁNRPV ry*„sV ¸R…VÍýØgS NRP¬söLi¿RÁV¿RÁVƒyõ²R…V. Hz¤¦¦¦NRP ‡ÁLiµ³R… „s®ªsW¿RÁƒ«sª«sVVƒ«sNRPV ry*„sV µR…LRi+ƒ«s Ë³ØgRiùª«sVV ¿yÌÁVƒ«s®µ…ƒ«sV.

1923 ÇÁÙ\ÛÍÁÍÜ[ ry*„sV¸R…VVµR…¸R…WLSöÌÁ¸R…Vª«sVVÌÁ ZNP[lgiƒ«sV. NSª«sVN][ÉÓÁ {mshRiª«sVVƒ«sNRPV xqs¬sõz¤¦¦¦»R½ùª«sVVgRiÌÁ ¹¸…VVNRP ÇÁ„dsVLiµyLji ¸R…Vµj…. NRPLiÀÁ ƒ«sVLi²T… NRPVLiË³ÏÁN][ßáª«sVVƒ«sNRPV ª«sVhRiª«sVVª«sWLRiö‡Á²R…Vƒ«sxmsöV²R…Vƒ«sxmsöÉÓÁÇÁ„dsVLiµyLRiLRiVª«sµj… lLiLi²R…ª«s ¸R…VxmsöÉÓÁ {mshSµ³j… xms»R½VÌÁªyLjiNTP ¿yÍØ xqs¥¦¦¦¸R…Vª«sVV Â¿Á[|qsƒ«sV. ƒyÉÓÁƒ«sVLi²T…¸R…VV ¬ds {mshRiª«sVVƒ«sNRPVƒ«sV ÇÁ„dsVLiµyLkiNTP¬s xqs¬sõz¤¦¦¦»R½ xqsLi‡ÁLiµ³R… ®ªs[VLRiö²T…ƒ«sµj…. ª«sVƒ«s ry*„sV 1920 ÍÜ[ ƒy ÇÁ„dsVNTP ®ªs×Áþƒ«s aRPVË³Øª«sxqsLRiª«sVVƒ«s ƒy ÇÁ„dsVLiµyLRiV xqsNRPVÈÁVLi‡Áª«sVVgS xqsúxmsÇØ¬dsNRPª«sVVgS ƒy¿yLRiù ry*„sVNTP xmnsVƒ«s ry*gRi»R½„sVÂ¿Áèƒ«sV. »R½ƒ«søx¤¦Ü[»R½=ª«s xqsW¿RÁNRPª«sVVgS {mshRiª«sVVƒ«sNRPV ª«sVWÌÁù ‡Áx¤¦¦¦§ª«sWƒy ÌÁLjiöLiÂ¿Áƒ«sV.

¼½LRiVxmsö²T…LjixmsöVLji¸R…WLRiVƒ«s ry*„sV ‡Áxqs Â¿Á[¸R…VgS »R½„sVÎÏÁ „sµR…ùƒ«søßÓá. ÇØ¼d½¸R…V NSLRiùNRPLjiòQû ¹¸…VVNRP ª«sXµôðR… ry*„sV µR…LRi+ƒ«sLi Â¿Á[zqsN]¬sƒ«sµj…. A®ªsV }msLRi¿RÁ ÍØLiÕÁNRP. A®ªsV ª«sV¥¦¦¦»R½Vø¬s ÒÁ„s»R½ „sZaP[xtsQª«sVVÌÁ»][ ƒ¯NRP\¹¸…V¼½¥¦¦¦zqsNRP NSª«sùLi LRiÀÁLiÀÁƒ«sµj…. xmspLS*úaRPª«sVª«sVVƒ«s ry*„sV xmszqs»R½ƒ«s ª«sW®ªsV ¹¸…VLRiVgRiVƒ«sV. ry*„sV xmspLS*úaRPª«sV ÇÁƒ«sNRPVÌÁ NS®ªsV bPxtsvùLSÌÁV. »R½ƒ«s gRiVLRiVxmsoú»R½VÌÁV ÇÁgRiµæR…VLRiVª«soÌÁVgS Ë³ØzqsLi¿RÁVÈÁ „s¬s NRP¬s¸R…Wƒ«sLiµR… ËØxtsQöª«sVVÍØ®ªsV NRPƒ«sVÌÁ úxqs„sLiÀÁƒ«s„s.

NSª«sVN][ÉÓÁ xmspLS*¿yLRiVùÌÁÍÜ[ ƒ¯NRPLRiV xqsª«sWµ³j… ƒ«sLiµj…ƒ«s ª«s²R…ª«sLiËØÎÏÁª«sVV µR…OTPQßá |msƒyõƒ«sµj… ¸R…VVNRPò ¼d½LRiª«sVVƒ«s gRiÌÁµR…V. \ZaPµ³j…ÌÁùª«sVVƒ«sLiµR…V¿RÁVƒ«sõ ¸R…W xqsª«sWµ³j… ry*„sV ¸R…WÇìØƒ«sVryLRiLi xmsoƒ«sLjiõLSøßáLi Â¿Á[¸R…V‡Á²T…ƒ«sµj…. ¸R…Vµ³y„sµ³j… ƒ«sLRièƒ«sÌÁ¿RÁèÈÁ ÇÁLRiVgRiVÈÁNRPV ª«sÌÁ¸R…VV ®ƒs[LSöÈÁV Â¿Á[¸R…V‡Á²T…ƒ«sµj….

xmsoµR…VÂ¿Á[èLji¹¸…VVµôR… ry*„sVNTP xmsLSxqsV úxmsË³ÏÁV»y*µ³j…NSLRiVÌÁV úxmsÇÁÌÁV LS¿RÁª«sVLSùµR…ÌÁ»][ ry*gRi»R½ „sVÀÁèLji. gRiXx¤¦¦¦ µR…x¤¦¦¦ƒ«s NSLRißáLigS ¼½LRiVªyLRiVƒ«s úxmsÆØù¼½ƒ«sLiµj…ƒ«s ®µ…[ªyÌÁ¸R…VLRi´R…ª«sVV Fy²R…LiVVƒ«sÈýÁVgS ƒ¯NRP ªyLRiòry*„sV xmsoµR…VÂ¿Á[èLjiÍÜ[ ƒ«sVƒ«sõxmsöV²R…V ªyLjiNTP ÛÇÁ[Ljiƒ«sµj…. @xmsöV²R…V »R½LiÇØª«spLRiV ª«sVLi²R…ÌÁxmsoËØzqsòNRP úxmsÇÁÌÁLiµR…LRiV ƒ¯NRPäÉÓÁgS NRPÖÁzqsF¡LiVV xqsLjiúN]»R½ò ªyx¤¦¦¦ƒ«sª«sVV ¬sLjiøLixmsÛÇÁ[¸R…VVÈÁNRPV ¬saRPèLiVVLi¿RÁVN]¬sLji. ry*„sV ªyLS¸R…V»R½õª«sVVƒ«s »R½ª«sV ¸R…WbdPxqsV=ÌÁ ƒ«sLiµR…ÛÇÁ[zqsLji. ªyLji ¸R…WbdPM úxmsË³Øª«sª«sVVƒ«s lLiLi²R…V ª«s»R½=LRiª«sVVÌÁÍÜ[®ƒs[ Fy»R½ ªyx¤¦¦¦ƒ«sª«sVVƒ«sNRPV g]xmsö µR…ƒ«sª«sVVƒ«s ®ƒs[ª«sWú»R½ª«sVV ¼d½zqsF¡¬s úN]»R½òµj… »R½¸R…WLRiV Â¿Á[LiVVLi¿RÁ‡Á²T…ƒ«sµj…. C úxmsaRPLixqs¬ds¸R…V\®ªsVƒ«s NSLRiùª«sVLiµR…V GÌÁWLRiV xqsV‡Á÷LS¸R…V ª«s²R…¸R…WLRiƒ«sV ƒy¸R…Vƒ«s úxmsª«sVVÅÁ Fyú»R½ ª«sz¤¦¦¦LiÀÁƒy²R…V. »R½LRiVªy»R½ ƒy¸R…Vƒ«s $ ƒyLS¸R…Vßá ú‡Á¥¦¦¦øƒ«sLiµR…¸R…Vƒ«sV ƒyª«sVª«sVVƒ«s xqsƒ«sùzqsLiÂ¿Áƒ«sV. xqsƒyùryúaRPª«sVª«sVVƒ«s ƒ«sVƒ«sõƒ«sV ƒy¸R…Vƒ«s úFyÀdÁƒ«s ®µ…[ªyÌÁ¸R…V xmsoƒ«sLRiVµôðR…LRißá Â¿Á[LiVVLiÀÁ NRPVLiË³ØÕ³Á}tsQNRPª«sVVÌÁ ®ƒsLRi®ªs[LRiVèÈÁÍÜ[ ¿yÌÁ NRPXztsQÂ¿Á[|qsƒ«sV.

1927 ª«sWLjièÍÜ[ ry*„sV }qsÌÁLi ª«sVLi²R…ÌÁª«sVVƒ«s xmsLRiùÉÓÁLiÂ¿Áƒ«sV. C L][ÇÁÙƒ«s ƒ¯NRP ª«sVx¤¦¦¦ª«sVøµk…¸R…VV²R…V ry*„sV\|ms g]¬sõ xqsLixqsäQX»R½ aý][NRPª«sVVÌÁ LRiÀÁLiÀÁ xqsª«sVLjiöLi¿RÁVN]®ƒsƒ«sV. bPª«sÖÁLigSNSLRiª«sVV ª«s¿RÁVèƒ«sÈýÁVgS ƒ¯NRP NRP„s»R½ ¸R…VLiµR…ÖÁ ¸R…VORPQLRiª«sVVÌÁV gRiÎÏÁþÍÜ[úªy¸R…V‡Á²T…ƒ«s„s, ANRP„s ªy¬s¬s ry*„sVNTP „s¬szmsLiÀÁ Ë³Øª«sª«sVVƒ«sV ¾»½ÖÁ|msƒ«sV. A¸R…Vƒ«sƒ«sV xqsLixqsäQX»R½Ë³ØxtsQ ®ƒsÈýÁË³ÏÁùzqsLiÀÁ¼½ ª«s¬s ry*„sV ¸R…V²R…VgRigS ƒy»R½²R…V »R½ƒ«s xmspLRiV*ÌÁV xqsLixqsäQX»R½ xmsLi²T…»R½VÌÁ¬s¸R…VV, »yƒ«sV xqsLixqsäQX»R½ª«sVVƒ«sV »R½ƒ«s »R½Liú²T… ¹¸…VVµôðR…®ƒs[ ¿RÁµR…Vª«soN]LiÉÓÁƒ«s¬s ¸R…W»R½²R…V ry*„sVNTP ¬s®ƒs[µj…Li¿RÁVN]®ƒsƒ«sV. xqsLixqsäQX»R½ª«sVVƒ«s ƒy»R½²R…V Â¿Á[zqsƒ«s NRPXztsQ¬s ry*„sV ®ªsV¿RÁVèN]¬s xqsLixqsäQX»R½ ªyùxqsLigRiª«sVV ª«sWƒ«sª«sÌÁµR…¬s xqsÌÁ¥¦¦¦ ¬sÂ¿Áèƒ«sV.

1927 GúzmsÍÞÍÜ[ N][¸R…VLi‡Á»R½WòLRiV ®ªs×Áþ ®ªs[V ®ªsVVµR…ÉÓÁ ªyLRiLi ry*„sV FyÌÁxmnsWÈÁV Â¿Á[LjiLji. Aµj…aRPLiNRPLRiVÌÁ ÇÁƒ«søxqósÌÁ\®ªsVƒ«s ZNP[LRiÎÏÁ ry*„sVLSNRP»][ ƒ«sV»y=x¤¦¦¦ xmspLji»R½\®ªsVƒ«sµj…. Aµj… aRPLiNRPLRiVÌÁ ¸R…Vƒ«sLi»R½LRi {mshSµ³j… xms»R½VÌÁÍÜ[ úxmsª«sVVÅÁV\ÛÍÁ, ªyLji¸R…W®µ…[aRP ¬sLRi*x¤¦¦¦ßáª«sVV ƒ«sLiµR…Vƒ«sV, ÒÁ„s»yµR…LRi+ª«sVV ƒ«sLiµR…Vƒ«sV ƒ«sxmsLRi aRPLiNRPLRiV®²…[¸R…V¬s ZNP[LRiÎÏÁ úxmsÇÁ „dsLji¬s Ë³Ø„sLiÀÁLji. @xmsèÉÓÁ bPxtsQù ª«sLæRiª«sVVƒ«sNRPV ry*„sV ª«sVÎÏÁ¸R…WÎÏÁª«sVVƒ«s xqsLi®µ…[aRP„sVÀÁèLji. ªyLRiV ry*„sV¬s ª«sVÎÏÁ¸R…WÎÏÁª«sVV ªylLi[ ¸R…Vƒ«sVN]¬sLji. C FyÌÁxmnsWÈÁV xmsLRiùÈÁƒ«sª«sVVƒ«s®ƒs[ $ ÉÓÁ. ¸R…VLi. NRPXxtñsQry*„sV @¸R…VùLRiV bPxtsQùª«sLæRiLi»][ ry*„sV¬s µR…Lji+LiÀÁ ¼½LRiVxmsöVgRiÍÞ Ë³ÏÁÇÁƒ«sÂ¿Á[ }qs„sLi¿RÁV N]®ƒsƒ«sV. $ @¸R…VùLRiV ª«sVµR…LSxqsVÍÜ[ úxmsª«sVVÅÁ ƒyù¸R…Vªyµj…gS ƒ«sVLi²T… »R½LS*»R½ ¼½LRiVªyƒ«sWäLRiV ª«sVVÅÁùƒyù¸R…Wµ³j…NSLji ¸R…V¹¸…Vùƒ«sV, ªyLji Ë³ÏÁNTPò „sZaP[xtsQª«sVVƒ«sNRPV ry*„sV xqsLi»R½zqsLiÀÁ ¸R…WbdPLRi*µj…LiÀÁ ""¼½LRiVxmsöVgRiÎÞ ª«sVßÓá'' ¸R…V¬s ÕÁLRiVµR…V ¬sÀÁèLji.

1927ª«s xqsLiª«s»R½=LRiLi ÀÁª«sLji Ë³ØgRiª«sVVƒ«s ª«sV¥¦¦¦»R½øgSLiµ³j… µR…OTPQßá ®µ…[aRP xmsLRiùÈÁƒ«s Â¿Á[¸R…VV¿RÁVLi®²…ƒ«sV A¸R…Vƒ«s ª«sVƒ«s ry*„sV ª«sW¥¦¦¦»R½øQùª«sVVƒ«sV „s¬s ªyLji¬s ÇÁÚ²R…ª«sÛÍÁƒ«s¬s NRPV»R½Wx¤¦¦¦ÌÁxms®²…ƒ«sV. FyÌÁxmnsWÈÁV ƒ«sLiµR…ÖÁ ®ƒsÖýÁÂ¿ÁLjiÍÜ[ ªyLji xqsª«sW®ªs[aRPLi ÇÁLjigjiƒ«sµj…. ry*„sV ‡ÁxqsÂ¿Á[zqsƒ«s ¿][ÈÁƒ«sVƒ«sõ g]²ýR…¿yª«s²T…ÍÜ[ ªyLRiV NRPÖÁzqsLji. aSLi¼½NTP ÀÁx¤¦¦¦õQQ\®ªsVƒ«s ÅÁµôR…LRiV NSuy¸R…WLi‡ÁLSÌÁƒ«sV µ³R…LjiLiÀÁ ¸R…Wµj…aRPLiNRPLRiVÌÁ »R½µR…ƒ«sLi»y¿yLRiù ª«sLæRiª«sVVƒ«s ƒ«sxqs\ÛÍÁƒ«s {mshSµ³j…xms¼d½ „dslLi[¸R…V¸R…VVùª«sÉíÓÁ®ƒs[ÌÁ\|ms gRiWLRiVèLi²T…Lji. ryµ³yLRißá NRPL<RiNRP ÒÁ„s»yµ³R…LRi+ª«sVVƒ«sV xqs*¸R…VLigS {qs*NRPLjiLiÀÁƒ«s ÇØ¼d½¸R…V ƒy¸R…VNRPV¬s gRiWLjiè »]ÌÁV»R½gS ®ƒsLRiVgRiV ƒ«sª«sNSaRPLi gRiÖæÁƒ«sLiµR…VÌÁNRPV ry*„sV ¿yÌÁ xqsª«sWøµR…ª«sVV ƒ«sLi®µ…ƒ«sV. ª«sV¥¦¦¦»R½Vø²R…V z¤¦¦¦Liµk…ÍÜ[ƒ«sV ry*„sV xqsLixqsäQX»R½LiÍÜ[ƒ«sV xqsLiË³ØztsQLiÀÁLji. ¿yÍØ r¢x¤¦¦¦LôRiª«sVVƒ«s xqsLiË³ØxtsQßá ÇÁLjigjiƒ«sµj…. C ¸R…Vµ³j…*¼d½¸R…V xqsª«sW®ªs[aRPª«sVVƒ«s ‡Áx¤¦¦¦§úxms¹¸…WÇÁƒ«s NSLji¸R…V¬s »R½LS*»R½ ª«sV¥¦¦¦»R½Vø²R…V »R½Xzmsò¬s ®ªsÖÁ‡ÁVÀÁè |qsÌÁª«so ¼d½zqsN]®ƒsƒ«sV. ªyLji xqsª«sWgRi xqsª«sV¸R…Vª«sVVƒ«s ƒ¯NRP xqsLixmnsVÈÁƒ«s ÇÁLjigjiƒ«sµj…. ª«sV¥¦¦¦»R½Vø®²…Li»R½gS ƒyNRPL<ji»R½V²R…¹¸…Vùƒ¯[ µk…ƒ«s®ƒsLRiVgRiª«s¿RÁVè. ª«sV¥¦¦¦»R½Vø²R…V ry¸R…VLiNSÌÁª«sWLRiVgRiLiÈÁÌÁ »R½LS*»R½ Ë³ÏÁVÑÁLixms²R…V. @xmsöÉÓÁ\ZNPµR…Vƒ«sõLRi gRiLiÈÁ\ÛÍÁƒ«sµj…, @LiµR…VÂ¿Á[ $ zqs. LSÇÁg][FyÌÁ¿yLji ª«sV¥¦¦¦»R½Vø¬s»][ ry¸R…VLiNSÌÁ Ë³Ü[ÇÁƒ«s®ªs[ÎÏÁ¸R…V¼½úNRP„sVLiª«sgRiÌÁµR…¬s ¾»½ÖÁ¸R…VÛÇÁ[|qsƒ«sV. µy¬s\|ms ª«sV¥¦¦¦»R½Vø²R…V ""A¿yLRiùry*„sV»][ ÇÁLRiVgRiV xqsLiË³ØxtsQßá®ªs[V »R½ƒ«s NSƒyÉÓÁ ry¸R…VLiNSÌÁ Ë³Ü[ÇÁƒ«sª«sV''¬s Â¿Á|msöƒ«sV.

gRiVLRiVªy¸R…VWLRiV, ¼½LRiV¿RÁWLRiV, FsLSõNRPVÌÁLi, NTP*ÌÁƒ«sV ú¼½®ªs[Liú²R…ª«sVVÌÁ»][ xqs¥¦¦¦ ¿yÍØ úxms®µ…[aSÌÁƒ«sV ZNP[LRiÎÏÁÍÜ[ ry*„sV ¿RÁWÂ¿Áƒ«sV. N]ÀÁèƒ«sV, ¼½LRiVªyƒ«sWäLRiV xqsLiróyƒyÌÁV ry*„sVNTP Ë³ÏÁNTPò g_LRiª«sª«sVVÌÁ úxmsNRPÉÓÁLiÀÁƒ«s„s. @ÌÁzmsLjiÍÜ[gRiÌÁ ¿RÁLiúµR…ZaP[ÅÁlLi[LiúµR… FyhRiaSÌÁNRPV F¡LiVV „sµyùLóji ‡ÁXLiµR…ª«sVV ƒybdPLRi*µj…LiÀÁLji. NRPƒyùNRPVª«sWLjiNTP ÇÁ¬s rygRiLRi xqsLigRiª«sVª«sVVƒ«s xms„sú»R½ ryõƒ«sª«sW¿RÁLjiLiÀÁLji. ZNP[LRiÎÏÁ ¸R…Wú»R½ ª«sVVgjiLi¿RÁVN]¬s, ¸R…VV»R½òLRi ®µ…[aRPgRiª«sVƒ¯[ƒ«sVøÅÁV\ÛÍÁLji. ÇØ¼d½¸R…V aRPNRPVòÌÁ N][lLiäÌÁ ¼½LRixqsäLjiLi¿RÁVÈÁ úÕÁÉÓÁxtsv úxmsË³ÏÁV»R½*ª«sVVƒ«sNRPV »R½gRiµR…¬s ƒ«s¿RÁVöÂ¿ÁxmsöVÈÁ\ZNP ¸R…Wª«sµy÷éLRi»R½ xqsLRi*LSÇÁNUP¸R…V xmsORPQ xqsª«sW®ªs[aRPª«sVV „sÇÁ¸R…Vª«sLi»R½LigS ÇÁLRiVgRiVÈÁNRPV »yƒ«sV Â¿Á[¸R…VV ¸R…V»R½õ ryxmsÌÁùª«sVVƒ«s\ZNP ¸R…WbdPLRi*µj…Lixmso²R…¬s xqsL`i. ¾»½[ÇÁ ‡Áx¤¦¦¦µR…WL`i xqsúxmsp ry*„sV¬s ª«sV´R…VLRiÍÜ[ µR…Lji+LiÂ¿Áƒ«sV. ""aSLi¼½¸R…VV»R½ ª«sWLæRiª«sVVÌÁ úxmsÇØµR…LRiª«sVV xqsLiFyµj…Li¿RÁVÈÁ ®ªsVVÈíÁ®ªsVVµR…ÉÓÁ NRPLRiòª«sùª«sV''¬s ry*„sV xqsxmspNRPV ¾»½ÖÁzms, A xmnsWLæRiª«sVVƒ«sV ÛÇÁ[¸R…VV ®ƒs[ NRPXztsQ\ZNPƒ«sƒ«sV »R½ª«sV aRPVË³ØNSLiORPQÛÍÁxmsöV²R…V ƒ«sVLi²R…V ƒ«s¬sLji.

1929 zmnsú‡Áª«sLjiÍÜ[ µR…OTPQßØLSäÈÁV ª«sVLi²R…ÌÁ xqsLi¿yLRiª«sVV®ªsVVµR…\ÛÍÁƒ«sµj…. Aª«s»R½=LRiª«sVV ¿y»R½VLSøxqsùúª«s»R½ª«sVV ª«sVƒ«sÌÁWLRiöÈíÁª«sVVƒ«s ÇÁLjigjiƒ«sµj…. INRP ®ƒsÌÁ L][ÇÁÙÌÁV ry*„sV ÇÁ*LRi {ms²T…»R½VÌÁ¸R…VVù ÛÍÁNRPä}qs¸R…VNRP ¬s»R½ù ryõƒyƒ«sLi»R½LRiLi \®µ…ƒ«sLiµj…ƒ«s xmspÇØ NSLRiùª«sVV ÇÁLji|ms²T…ªyLRiV. ®ªsVÌýÁgS ÇÁ*LRiª«sVV »R½gæjiƒ«sµj…. Ë³ÏÁNRPVòÌÁ ¸R…WLiµ][ÎÏÁƒ«s »R½gæjiƒ«sµj….

C xmsLRiùÈÁƒ«sÍÜ[ ry*„sV »R½Li²R…ÌÁª«sVV úgSª«sVª«sVV „dsVµR…VgS ƒ«sVgRiV¿RÁVLi²T…Lji. @NRPä²R… ¹¸…VVNRP g]ÌýÁªy²R…V »R½ƒ«s ¹¸…VVµôR…ƒ«sVƒ«sõ N]LiÂ¿Áxmso ÉØzqsòƒ«s„sVø ª«sÀÁèƒ«s L]NRPäª«sVV ry*„sV NRPLjiöLi¿RÁ µR…ÌÁÂ¿Áƒ«sV. ry*„sV ¸R…VNRPäLRi ÛÍÁ[µR…ƒ«sõƒ«sV »R½ƒ«s ¬sLñRi¸R…Vª«sVV ƒy»R½²R…V ª«sWLRiVèN]ƒ«sÛÍÁ[µR…V. »R½ƒ«sNRPVƒ«sõ N]ÌÁµj… Ë³ÏÁW„sV¬s ƒ¯NRP µ³R…ƒ«sª«sLi»R½Vƒ«sNRP„sVø ¸R…W L]NRPäª«sVVƒ«sV x¤¦¦¦XµR…¸R…V xmspLRi*NRPª«sVVgS ry*„sV NRPLRiößá Â¿Á[zqs »R½LjiLiÂ¿Áƒ«sV. @»R½²R…ÈýÁV ¬sLSµ³yLRiV²R…gRiVÈÁ ry*„sV NTPxtísQª«sVVÛÍÁ[NRP ¸R…V¿RÁèÉÓÁ »R½x¤¦¦¦bdPÍôØLRiV»][ Â¿Ázmsö ªy¬sNTP N]Li»R½ F¡LRiLiËÜ[NRPV Ë³ÏÁW„sV ¬szmsöLi¿RÁV ®ƒs[LSöÈÁV Â¿Á[LiVVLiÀÁLji.

1929 ²T…|qsLi‡ÁLRiVÍÜ[ ¼½LRiVª«sßñØª«sVÌÁNRPV µk…xms µR…LRi+ƒ«s ª«sVx¤¦Ü[»R½=ª«sª«sVVƒ«sNRPV ry*„sV ¿RÁ¬sLji. ¼½LRiVª«sßñØª«sVÌÁ ¸R…Wú»y xqósÌÁª«sVVÌÁÍÜ[ ¿yÍØ xms„sú»R½\®ªsVƒ«sµj…. @¿RÁèÉÓÁ @LRiVßØ¿RÁÌÁª«sVV®ƒs[ bPª«sÖÁLigRiª«sVVgS ƒ«sLjièLi»R½VLRiV. xmsLRi®ªs[VaRP*LRiV²R…V ª«sV¥¦¦¦ ¾»½[ÇÜ[ÖÁLigRiª«sVVgS ƒ«sNRPä²R… ƒy„sLRi÷é„sLixms »R½µyµR…ùLi»R½ª«sVVÌÁ ®ƒsLRiVgRi¸R…V¼½õLiÀÁƒ«s ú‡Áx¤¦¦¦ø, „sxtñsvª«soÌÁNRPV ƒ«s„s ¸R…VLi»R½VxmsÈíÁÛÍÁ[µR…¬sxmsoLSßá úxmszqsµôðj…. B¿RÁèÈÁ®ƒs[ FyLRi*¼½ bPª«sƒyª«sV Ë³ØgRiry*„sV¬s\¹¸…Vƒ«sµ³j…. ry*„sV ¸R…VLóRiƒyLkiaRP*LRiV\®²…ƒy²R…V. @LRiVßágjiLjiƒyµ³R… ª«sVV¬dsLiúµR…V²R…V xqsVú‡Áx¤¦¦¦øâßá[ùaRP*LRiV ¬sÈÁ®ƒs[ µR…Lji+LiÂ¿Áƒ«sV. ry*„sV\|ms Ë³ÏÁNTPò gki»R½ª«sVVÌÁ gSƒ«sª«sVV Â¿Á[zqsƒ«sµj…¿RÁÈÁ®ƒs[. @LRiVßØ¿RÁÛÍÁ[aRP*LRi ®µ…[ªyÌÁ¸R…Wª«sLRißáª«sVVƒ«s®ƒs[ LiVV²R…NRPäÈíÁ zqsµôR…LRiV xqsª«sWµ³j… NRPÌÁµR…V. ª«sVƒ«s NSÌÁª«sVVƒ«s®ƒs[ LRiª«sVßá ª«sVx¤¦¦¦L<jiNTP¬s ¼½LRiVª«sßñØª«sVÌÁ ¬sªyxqs\®ªsVƒ«s. ¼½LRiVª«sßñØª«sVÌÁÍÜ[ ÇÜ[ù¼½ LRiWxmso\®²…ƒ«s bPª«soƒ«sLjièLi¿RÁV ÀÁx¤¦¦¦õª«sVVgS xqsLiª«s»R½=LRiª«sVVƒ«s N]NRPryLji NSLkiòNRP xmspLñjiª«sVƒyÉÓÁ ry¸R…VLi xqsª«sV¸R…Vª«sVVƒ«s ¬ds N]Li²R… bPÅÁLRiª«sVVƒ«s ƒ«sÅÁLi²R… ÇÜ[ù¼½¬s ®ªsÖæÁLi»R½VLRiV. µk…¬sNTP µk…xms ª«sVx¤¦Ü[»R½=ª«sª«sV¬s }msLRiV. ª«sVƒ«s ry*„sV C ª«sVx¤¦Ü[»R½=ª«sª«sVVƒ«sZNP[ 1929ÍÜ[ ®ªs×ÁþLji. ®ªs×Áþ ¸R…WN]Li²R…NRPV ƒ«s®ƒs[NRP úxmsµR…OTPQßáª«sVVÍØ¿RÁLjiLiÀÁ ¸R…V¿RÁèÉÓÁ ®µ…[ªyÌÁ¸R…Vª«sVVƒ«s ƒ«sLRièƒ«s Â¿Á[¸R…VV¿RÁV ry*„sV ƒ«s¿RÁèÈÁ ƒ¯NRPä ª«sWxqsª«sVVLi²T…Lji.

»R½LRiVªy»R½ ƒyLRißÓá µR…gæRiLRiƒ«sVƒ«sõ ¸R…W²R…¸R…VFyÛÍÁª«sVVƒ«sNRPV ry*„sV ®ªs×ÁþLji. BNRPä²R…®ƒs[ ƒyÌÁVgRiV aRP»y‡ôÁVÌÁNRPV xmspLRi*ª«sVV @xmsö¸R…Vù µk…OTPQ»R½VÌÁV ¬sª«sbPLiÂ¿Áƒ«sV. µk…OTPQ»R½V ÌÁ¿RÁèQ\®ªsVƒ«s ¸R…V\®µ…Q*¼½¹¸…[V NSNRP \ZaPª«soÌÁV NRPW²R…. @®ƒs[NRP aSxqsòQû úgRiLiµ³R…ª«sVVÌÁV LRiÀÁLiÀÁƒ«s ‡Áx¤¦¦¦§ aSxqsòQû®ªs[»R½ò, B¿RÁèÉÓÁ úxmsÇØ¬dsNRPª«sVVƒ«sNRPV ry*„sV ¸R…V\®µ…Q*»R½ \ZaPª«so\®²…ƒ«s LiVW ª«sV¥¦¦¦ „sµy*LixqsV¬s ªyL<jiN][»R½=ª«sª«sVVÌÁV Â¿Á[¸R…Vª«sÛÍÁƒ«s¬s ¸R…VVµ][÷éµ³j…LiÀÁLji. A¸R…Vƒ«s úgRiLiµ³R…ª«sVVÌÁV úxmsÇØ ËØx¤¦¦¦§ÎÏÁùª«sVVƒ«s úxms¿yLRiª«sVVƒ«sNRPV ¾»½[ª«sÛÍÁƒ«s¬s ¸R…VVµçyÉÓÁLiÀÁLji.

1930 ²T…|qsLi‡ÁLRiVÍÜ[ xmsOTPQ ¼d½LóRiª«sVVƒ«s ¸R…Wª«sµy÷éLRi»R½ ry´R…Vª«sV¥¦¦¦ xqsLixtsv xmsORPQª«sVVƒ«s ry*„sVNTP ry*gRi»R½ xmsú»R½ xqsª«sVLRiößáª«sVV Â¿Á[¸R…V‡Á²T…ƒ«sµj…. Aµj… aRPLiNRPLRiVÌÁ ª«sVx¤¦¦¦¬ds¸R…V xqsLiúxmsµy¸R…Wƒ«sVryLRiª«sVV z¤¦¦¦LiµR…W xqsLixmnsV, µ³R…LRiø F¡xtsQßáNRPV ƒyµR…LRi+úFy¸R…W¿RÁLRißáª«sVVÌÁ ry*„sV ª«sVx¤¦¦¦»R½òLRi NRPXztsQ Â¿Á[¸R…VV¿RÁVLi²T…LRi¬s ¸R…VLiµR…Õ³Áª«sLñjiLixms ‡Á²T…ƒ«sµj….

Â¿ÁLigRiÌÁöÈíÁV úxmsÇØ¬dsNRP ®ªsVLi»R½NSÌÁLigRiƒ¯[ ¬sLkiOTPQLi¿RÁV ry*„sV xqsª«sWøƒ«s µR…LRi+ƒ«s Ë³ØgRiùQ\®ªsVƒ«s ª«sV¥¦¦¦ª«sNSaRPª«sVV 1931 ÇÁƒ«sª«sLjiÍÜ[ ÌÁÕ³ÁLiÀÁƒ«sµj….

ry*„sV Â¿ÁLigRiÌÁöÈíÁVƒ«s ƒ«sVƒ«sõ ¸R…VÌÁö NSÌÁª«sVVƒ«s „sVxtísQL`i FyÍÞú‡ÁLiÈÁƒ«sV, úÕÁÉÓÁxtsv xmsú¼½NSLRi¿RÁLiVV»R½, ¸R…Wµ³yù¼½øNRP ª«sWLæRigRi®ªs[ztsQ\¹¸…Vƒ«s ¸R…W»R½²R…V ry*„sV¬s µR…Lji+LiÂ¿Áƒ«sV. Bµj… Â¿ÁxmsöµR…gjiƒ«s „sxtsQ¸R…Vª«sVV. C¸R…Vƒ«s Ë³ØLRi»R½ ®µ…[aRPª«sVVƒ«s »yLiú¼½NRPVÌÁVƒ«sV, ¹¸…WgRiVÌÁVƒ«sV, ƒyµ³yù¼½øNRP aRPNTPò xqsLixmsƒ«sVõÌÁV\®ƒsƒ«s úxmsª«sVVÅÁVÌÁV \®ƒsƒ«s ªyLji ryLigRi»R½ùª«sVVƒ«s\ZNP xmsLRiùÉÓÁLi¿RÁV¿RÁVLi®²…ƒ«sV. C Ë³ØLRi¼d½¸R…V gRiVxmsòaRPNRPòQù®ƒs[*xtsQßáª«sVVƒ«sZNP[ ¸R…W¸R…Vƒ«s xqsVµR…WLRi\®ªsVƒ«s LiVVLigýRiLi²R…V ƒ«sVLi²T… LiVV¿RÁèÈÁNRPV ª«sÂ¿Áèƒ«sV. ª«sVµR…LSxqsVÍÜ[ $ ZNP. ¸R…V£qs. ®ªsLiNRPÈÁ LRiª«sVßÓá¸R…Vùƒ«sV xqsª«sVLóRiV\®²…ƒ«s LRi¿RÁLiVV»R½ƒ«sV NRPÌÁ|qsƒ«sV. C¸R…Vƒ«s úgS{¤¦¦¦ßá ÒÁ„s»R½ª«sVVƒ«sV ÀÁú¼½Li¿RÁV ªyùxqsª«sVVÌÁV ƒ«sª«sÌÁÌÁV ƒyLigýRiª«sVVƒ«s LRiÀÁLiÂ¿Áƒ«sV. C¸R…Vƒ«s¹¸…[V ú‡ÁLiÈÁƒ«sVƒ«sV ry*„sV µR…LRi+ƒ«sª«sVVƒ«sNRPV g]¬sF¡¹¸…Vƒ«sV. A¿yLRiù ry*„sV»][ xqs*¸R…Vª«sVVgS ƒy¸R…Vƒ«s „sƒ«sõ„sLiÀÁƒ«sµj… ""ALigýRi®µ…[aSË³ØùgRi»R½V¬sNTP ªyLiÀ³Á»R½\®ªsVƒ«s ry*„sV xqsª«sW®ªs[aRPª«sVV ÌÁÕ³ÁLiÀÁƒ«sµj….'' @¬s. ""aRPLiNRPLRi\®ªsVƒ«s ¸R…W ª«sVVÅÁ¾»½[ÇÁxqsV=, ÍÜ[NSÌÁ ®ªsÖÁgjiLi¿RÁV Ë³ØxqsäLRiª«sVV\ÛÍÁƒ«s ¸R…W NRPƒ«sVõÌÁV, gRiÌÁ ¸R…W ª«sVx¤¦¦¦L<ji, ®µ…[¬sƒ¯[ ¸R…WbPLiÀÁ ®ªsµR…VNRPV¿RÁW ª«sÀÁèƒ«s ¸R…V¸R…WùgRi»R½Vƒ«sNRPV úxmsµ³R…ª«sVµR…LRi+ƒ«sª«sVVƒ«s®ƒs[ ¹¸…VVNRP ª«sVx¤¦¦¦»yòQùƒ«sVË³ÏÁW¼½¬s NRPÖæÁLiÀÁLji. $ ú‡ÁLiÈÁƒ«sV ¬sxqsòLiúµR…ª«sVVgS ry*„sV¬s »R½®µ…[NRP µR…XztísQ»][ ¿RÁWÂ¿Áƒ«sV. µR…XNRPVäÌÁNRPä²R… ƒ«sVLi²T… NRPµR…ÌÁÛÍÁ[µR…V. C ª«sVLRi LS¬s xqs¬sõ®ªs[aRPª«sVVƒ«sV gRiWLjiè »R½LRiVªy»R½ »yƒ«sV LRiÀÁLiÀÁƒ«s úgRiLi´R…ª«sVVÍÜ[ ¬sÈýÁVµR…x¤¦¦¦LjiLiÂ¿Áƒ«sV. ""„sË³ÏÁW¼½ƒ«sÌÁµj…ƒ«s ¸R…W ry*„sV ¿yª«sVƒ«s¿y¸R…V ª«sVVÅÁª«sVVƒy xqsV„saSÌÁ ÀÁ»R½ò ÀÁú»R½xmsÈÁ „dsµ³j…ÍÜ[ xmspÇÁ¬ds¸R…V\®ªsVƒ«s ¸R…VVƒ«sõ»R½ róyƒ«sª«sVVƒ«s ¬sÌÁö‡Á²T…ƒ«sµj…. xmsLSxqsVË³ØxtsQÍÜ[ spiritual @ƒ«sV xmsµR…ª«sVVƒ«sNRPVgRiÌÁ µR…VLæSQûx¤¦¦¦ù»R½*ª«sVƒ«sV Ë³Øª«sª«sVV ªyLjiª«sVVÅÁª«sVVƒ«s ®ƒsÌÁN]¬s NRPƒ«söÉíÓÁƒ«sµj…, ªyLRiV ª«sVLSùµR…gS ®ªsVÌýÁgS ª«sWÉýØ²R…VµR…VLRiV. A ƒ«sÌýÁ¬s „saSÌÁ ®ƒs[ú»R½ª«sVVÌÁV ¬saRPèÌÁ ª«sVƒ¯[x¤¦¦¦LRiª«sVVÌÁV. ÀÁƒ«sõgS xqsWÉÓÁgS ƒ«sVƒ«sõ ª«sVVNRPVä, N]ÌÁµj…gS |msLjigjiƒ«s gRi²ïR…ª«sVV. ANRPL<RißÔá¸R…V\®ªsVƒ«s ƒ¯[LRiV ¿RÁW²R… ƒyNRPL<RißÔá¸R…Vª«sVVgS ƒ«sVLi®²…ƒ«sV, BÉíÓÁ ª«sVVÅÁNRPª«s×ÁNRPÌÁV ª«sVµ³R…ù ¸R…VVgRiª«sVVƒ«s \ZNPQQûxqsòª«s úFyLóRiƒy ª«sVLiµj…LRiª«sVV ƒ«sÌÁLiNRPLjiLiÀÁƒ«s ®ªsVVNRP ¹¸…WgjiNTP ƒ«sVƒ«sõª«sƒ«sV N]LiµR…Vƒ«sV. NS¬s ¸R…W¸R…Vƒ«s NUP ®ªs[Vµ³yaRPNTPòÛÍÁ[µR…V. úNTP¸R…Wƒ«sV Ë³ÏÁª«s úxmsµ³yƒ«sVÌÁ\®ªsVƒ«s FyaSè»R½VùÌÁ\®ªsVƒ«s ®ªs[Vª«sW ry*„sV ry*zmsõNRP®ƒs[ú»R½ª«sVVÌÁV NRPÌÁªylLi[®ªsW ¸R…V¬s Ë³Ø„sLi»R½Vª«sVV. @LóRi¬s„dsVÖÁ»R½ª«sVV\ÛÍÁƒ«s ¸R…WNRPƒ«sV lLixmsöÌÁ ª«sWÈÁVƒ«s xqs*Fyõƒ«sVË³ÏÁW¼½NSµR…V. xqs»yùƒ«sV Ë³ÏÁW¼½¹¸…[V ¸R…VVLi²T…¸R…VVLixmsƒ«s¬s ¸R…W ¸R…V¬sLRi*¿RÁ¬ds¸R…Wƒ«sV Ë³ÏÁª«sª«sVVƒ«sV ®ƒs[ƒ«sLiµj…¼½¬s.

¬sLS¸R…VVµ³k…NRPLRißá, úxmsxmsLi¿RÁª«sVV, ALójiNRP LSÇÁNUP¸R…V xmsLjizqós»R½VÌÁ ®ªsVLRiVgRiVFyÈÁV, ®ªsVVµR…\ÛÍÁƒ«s „sxtsQ¸R…Vª«sVVÌÁƒ«sV gRiWLjiè ú‡ÁLiÈÁƒ«sV ry*„sVƒ«s²T…lgiƒ«sV. ry*„sV ªyLRiV ªyLji úxms¾»½[ùNRPxqsx¤¦¦¦ÇÁ xqsLRi×ÁÍÜ[ ƒy úxmsaRPõÌÁ ÍÜ[»R½VÍÜ[¬sNTP ¿RÁWÀÁ ""ÍÜ[NRP xqsVzqós¼½ NSª«sÛÍÁƒ«sƒ«sõ ª«sVVLiµR…V ª«sWƒ«sª«so¬s ¸R…WLi»R½LRi úxmsª«sX¼½òÍÜ[ ª«sWLRiVö LSª«sÛÍÁ'' ƒ«s¬sLji.

""¸R…VVµóR… ƒ_NRPÌÁƒ«sV ¼d½zqs®ªs[zqsƒ«sƒ«sV, zmnsLRiLigRiVÌÁƒ«sV ªy²R…NRPVƒ«sõƒ«sV, ¸R…VVµôðR…ª«sWgRiµR…V. úxmsÇÁÌÁV NRPúLRiÌÁ»][ ƒ«sLiVVƒ«sƒ«sV ¸R…VVµôðR…ª«sVV Â¿Á[¸R…VVµR…VLRiV.

""„s„sµ³R… ®µ…[aRPª«sVVÌÁ ª«sVµ³R…ùƒ«sV, }msµR… µ³R…¬sNRP ª«sLæRiª«sVVÌÁ ª«sVµ³R…ùƒ«sV ƒyµ³yù¼½øNRP xqsª«sVƒ«s*¸R…Vª«sVV NRPVµR…VLRi¬s®µ…[, r¢¥¦¦¦LóRiª«sVV|msLiF~Liµj… aSLi¼½ r¢ÅÁùª«sVVÌÁV Â¿Á[NRPWLRiª«so.''

""ÒÁ„s»R½ª«sVV®ƒs²R…ƒ«sV. úFyxmsLiÀÁNRP „sxtsQ¸R…Vª«sVVÌÁLiµR…Vƒ«sV, Ë³ØLRi¼d½¸R…VVÌÁV ¬sLSaS ªyµR…VÌÁ¬s „sª«sVLRi+NRPVÌÁLiµR…VLRiV.'' ú‡ÁLiÈÁƒ«sV ®ªs[zqsƒ«s úxmsaRPõNRPV xqsª«sWµ³yƒ«sª«sVVgS ry*„sV \|ms¸R…VWx¤¦¦¦ »R½xmsö¬s gRiÉíÓÁgS ÅÁLi²T…LiÀÁLji,

ú‡ÁLiÈÁƒ«sV! ""ª«sWƒ«sª«soÌÁV µj…gRiÇØLjiF¡LiVVLRi¬s »R½ª«sV ¸R…VÕ³ÁúFy¸R…Vª«sW ?

ry*„sV : NSµR…V. ®ƒs[ƒ«sÈýÁV Ë³Ø„sLixmsƒ«sV. ª«sWƒ«sª«so¬sÍÜ[ ƒ«sLi»R½LS»R½ø ¸R…VVƒ«sõµj…. xmsLRiùª«sryƒ«sª«sVVƒ«sƒ«sµj… ªy¬s¬s \®µ…ª«sª«sVVƒ«sV Â¿Á[LRiVèƒ«sV. ªyLRiV ÇÁ¬søLiÀÁƒ«s xmsLjizqós»R½VÌÁ®ƒs[ gS¬s úxmsÇÁÌÁƒ«sLi»R½gS gRiL>jiLixms ª«sÌÁµR…V. xmsLjizqós»R½VÌÁV, xmsLjixqsLRiª«sVVÌÁV ‡ÁÖdÁ¸R…Vª«sVV\ÛÍÁ ªyLji ƒ«sLi»R½gSƒ«sµ³][gRi¼½FyÌÁV NS„sLi¿RÁV¿RÁVƒ«sõ„s NS¬s ªyxqsòª«sª«sVVƒ«s ªyLRiÉíÓÁªyLRiV NSLRiV. úFyNRPöbPèª«sVª«sVVÌÁ lLiLiÈÁƒ«sV ¬sµj…LiVVLi¾»½[. D»R½òª«sV ryLigRi»R½ùª«sVVƒ«s xqsLixmnsVª«sVVƒ«sõ¼½ ƒ«sLiµR…ª«sÛÍÁ. xqsLRi*ÇÁ¬dsƒ«sª«sVV, ª«sVx¤¦Ü[µyLRiª«sVV\®ƒsƒ«s ry*„sV µR…XNRPöµ³R…ª«sVVƒ«sV ú‡ÁLiÈÁƒ«sV gRiVLjiòLixmsNRP F¡ÛÍÁ[µR…V. ""$ aRPLiNRPLRiVÌÁV úFygRiVƒ«sõ¼½¬s ¿RÁWxmsoÈÁNRPV xmsbPèª«sVª«sVVƒ«sV NTPLi¿RÁxmsLRiVxmsÛÍÁ[µR…V. xmspLS*LóRiª«sVVƒ«s ƒ¯NRP „sµ³R…\®ªsVƒ«s ª«sVLiÀÁ¸R…VVƒ«sõ xmsbPèª«sWLóRiª«sVVƒ«s ª«sVLji¹¸…VVNRP „sµ³R…ª«sVVƒ«s ª«sVLiÀÁgRiÌÁµR…V. Bµ]NRP LRiNRP\®ªsVƒ«s Â¿Á²R…V NRPÖÁgjiƒ«s ƒ«sLiµR…V ®ªs[L]NRP LRiNRPª«sVVƒ«s gRiÌÁµR…V. gRiVßáµ][xtsQ xmsLjigRißáƒ«sª«sVVƒ«s lLiLi²R…Vƒ«sV xqsª«sWƒ«sª«sVVƒ«s®ªs[. „s®ªs[NRPª«sLi»R½V\ÛÍÁƒ«s Ë³Ø„s »R½LRiª«sVVÌÁ ªyLRiV úFyNRPXbPèª«sV xqsLixqsäQX¼½ ƒygRiLjiNRP»R½ ÌÁLiµR…ÖÁ ¸R…VV»R½ò ª«sWµR…LRi+ª«sVVÌÁƒ«sV ÇÜ[²T…LiÀÁ ¬súgRix¤¦¦¦ xqsLixmsƒ«sõQQ\®ªsV ¸R…VVƒ«sõ»R½ »R½LRi\®ªsVƒ«s xqsLixtsvª«sùª«sxqôðs LRiWzmsLixmsgRiÌÁLRi¬s ry*„sV ¸R…WbPLiÀÁLji.'' @¬s ú‡ÁLiÈÁƒ«sV LRiÀÁLiÂ¿Áƒ«sV.

Ë³ØLRi»R½ ®µ…[aRPª«sVVƒ«sNRPV »R½ƒ«s¸R…WgRiª«sVƒ¯[®µô…[aRP xmsoLRixqs=LRiª«sVVgS ú‡ÁLiÈÁƒ«sV ""»R½ƒ«sNRPV »y¼½òQ*NRP gRiVLRiVª«sogS ®ƒsª«sLji\®ƒsƒ«s úxmsryµj…Li»R½VLS? ÛÍÁ[NRPxqs*¸R…Vª«sVVgS ry*„sV¹¸…[V ª«sWLæRiµR…LRi+NRPVÌÁVgS ƒ«sVLi²R…VÈÁ NRPª«sNSaRPª«sVVƒ«sõµy!'' ¸R…V¬s ry*„sV ƒ«sLójiLiÂ¿Áƒ«sV. ""®ƒs[ƒ¯NRP úxmsÇØ xqsLixqôðsƒ«sV ƒ«s²R…Vxmso¿RÁVLiÉÓÁ¬s gRiµy! LiVVxmsöÉÓÁZNP[ ¼d½LjiNRP ORPQßá\®ªsVƒ«s ÛÍÁ[µR…V. ƒy NSLRiùúNRPª«sVª«sVVÌÁZNP[ NSÌÁª«sVV ƒyNRPV ¿yÌÁVÈÁ ÛÍÁ[µR…V. ¿yÌÁ xqsLiª«s»R½=LRiª«sVVÌÁV L][ÇÁÙNRPV ª«sVW²R…V gRiLiÈÁÌÁV ª«sWú»R½®ªs[V ¬súµj…LiÀÁ¼½¬s. xqs*¸R…Vª«sVVgS bPxtsQù bPORPQßá Â¿Á[¸R…VgRiÌÁƒy. bPxtsvùÌÁ\ZNP xqsª«sV¸R…Vª«sVV „s¬s¹¸…WgjiLixmsgRiÌÁ ¸R…Vµ³yùxmsNRPV¬s „dsVlLi[ ¿RÁW¿RÁVN]ƒ«sª«sÛÍÁ''ƒ«s¬s ry*„sV xqsö{tísQNRPLjiLiÀÁLji.

ry*„sV ¸R…W®µ…[aSƒ«sVryLRiª«sVV ú‡ÁLiÈÁƒ«sV ¼½LRiVª«sßñØª«sV\ÛÍÁNRPV F¡LiVV »yƒyzqsLiÀÁƒ«s gRiVLRiV ÌÁORPQßáª«sVVÌÁV gRiÌÁ $ LRiª«sVßá ª«sVx¤¦¦¦L<ji¬s ª«sWLæRi µR…LRi+NRPV¬sgS {qs*NRPLjiLiÂ¿Áƒ«sV. @LRiVßágjiLji ª«sVx¤¦¦¦L<ji¬s gRiVLjiLiÀÁ ª«sVVLi®µ…[ ª«sVµR…LSxqsVÍÜ[ ƒ¯NRP Ë³ÏÁNRPVò²R…V ú‡ÁLiÈÁƒ«sVNRPV Â¿Á|msöƒ«sV. @»R½²R…xmsöV²R…V µy¬s¬s xmsÉíÓÁLi¿RÁVN]ƒ«sÛÍÁ[µR…V. @xmsöÉÓÁNUP ®µ…[aRPª«sVVƒ«s »yƒ«sV NRPÌÁzqsƒ«s N]LiµR…LRiV ¹¸…WgRiVÌÁ ª«sLiÉÓÁ ªylLi[ LRiª«sVßá ª«sVx¤¦¦¦L<ji NSª«s¿RÁVèƒ«sƒ«sVN]®ƒsƒ«sV. NS¬s F¡LiVV ¿RÁW²R… »yƒ«sƒ«sVN]¬sƒ«s µy¬sNTP¬s ªyxqsòª«sª«sVVƒ«sNRPVƒ«sV xqsLi‡ÁLiµ³R…ª«sVV ÛÍÁ[µR…V. ª«sVx¤¦¦¦L<ji µR…LRi+ƒ«sª«sVV Â¿Á[¸R…VNRPVLi²R… µR…OTPQßá Ë³ØLRi»R½ ®µ…[aRPª«sVVƒ«sV „ds²T… F¡ª«sÌÁµR…¬s ry*„sV ú‡ÁLiÈÁƒ«sVNRPV Â¿ÁzmsöLji.

Â¿ÁLigRiÌÁöÈíÁVƒ«s ry*„sV»][²T… xqsª«sW®ªs[aSƒ«sLi»R½LRiª«sVV ú‡ÁLiÈÁƒ«sV ª«sVµR…LSxqsVƒ«s »R½ƒ«s ‡ÁxqsNRPV ®ªsÛÎÁþƒ«sV. ALSú¼½ ry*„sV¬s ¬súµR…ÍÜ[ µR…Lji+LiÂ¿Áƒ«sV. ®ªsLiÈÁ®ƒs[ ®ªsVÌÁNRPVª«s ª«sÀÁèƒ«sµj…. gRiµj…¸R…VLi»R½¸R…VVƒ«sV ÀdÁNRPÉÓÁ ª«sV¸R…Vª«sVV. NS¬s ¸R…W»R½¬sZNP[µ][ ¹¸…VVNRP ®ªsÌÁVgRiV NRP¬söLiÀÁƒ«sµj…. »R½ORPQßá®ªs[V ÛÍÁ[ÀÁ xqsWÉÓÁgS ƒy»R½²R…V µy¬s¬s ¿RÁWÂ¿Áƒ«sV. @xmsöV²R…V »R½ƒ«s ¸R…Vƒ«sVË³ÏÁª«sª«sVVƒ«sV ú‡ÁLiÈÁ¬sÈýÁV úªy|qsƒ«sV.

""AaRPèLRiù Ë³ÏÁLji»R½\®ªsVƒ«s ƒy ¿RÁWxmso xmspÇÁù$ A¿yLRiù aRPLiNRPLRiª«sVWLjiò®ƒs[ µR…Lji+LiÀÁƒ«sµj…. Aª«sVVÅÁª«sVV A LRiWxmsª«sVV xqsöxtísQª«sVVgS, ¬sLôRiVxtísQª«sVVgS ƒy¸R…Vƒ«s¹¸…[V NRP¬söLiÀÁƒyLRiV. ®µ…[ª«s»y LRiWxmsª«sVVƒ«s NSµR…V. Ë³ÏÁW»R½ LRiWxmsª«sVVƒ«s gSµR…V. @¿RÁèª«sVVgS ª«sVƒ«sVxtsQù LRiWxmsª«sVVƒ«s®ƒs[. NS¬s ¸R…W ª«sVWLjiò¿RÁVÈíÁVƒ«sV ƒ«sµR…V÷é»R½\®ªsVƒ«s NSLi¼½ ª«sVLi²R…ÌÁª«sVV NRPÌÁµR…V. @µj… ¿RÁVÈíÁVƒ«sVƒ«sõ ÀdÁNRPÉÓÁÍÜ[ ry*„sV ª«sVWLjiò¬s Ë³ØzqsLixms ÛÇÁ[¸R…VV¿RÁVƒ«sõµj….

¬sÇÁª«sVVgS ¬sµj…¹¸…VVNRP ¸R…Vryµ³R…ùµR…XaRPùª«sVV. ry*„sV¬s ®ƒs[ƒ«sV Â¿ÁLigRiÌÁ* xmsÈíÁßáª«sVVƒ«s „ds²T… LSÛÍÁ[µy. ¬sÇÁ®ªsVLRiVLigRi g][Lji xmsLkiORPQQ\ZNP NRPƒ«sVÌÁV gRiÉíÓÁgS ª«sVWzqs N]LiÉÓÁ¬s. ª«sWLRiVöÛÍÁ[µR…V. xqsöxtísQª«sVVgS ƒ«sµk… ª«sVWLjiò. LiVVLiNRPƒ«sV NRPƒ«sVÌÁ ¹¸…VµR…VÈÁ ƒ«sVƒ«sõµj…. xqsVúxmsxqsƒ«sõª«sVV, ƒ«sƒ«sV NRPLiFyª«sVXµyÌÁª«sVV, }qsõx¤¦¦¦ªy»R½=ÌÁù ª«sV´R…VLRi\®ªsVƒ«s µy¬s®ƒs[ úxms»R½ùQORPQª«sVVƒ«sLiµj…¼½¬s. ¿yÌÁVƒ«sV. NRPƒ«sVÌÁV ¾»½LRiÀÁ¼½¬s. ª«sµR…ÌÁVgS NRPÉíÓÁƒ«s NSuy¸R…WLi‡ÁLRiª«sVVÌÁƒ«sVƒ«sõ ¸R…W µR…¸R…Wª«sV¸R…VV¬s ª«sVWLjiò¬s µR…Lji+LiÀÁ¼½¬s.

ÀÁLRiVƒ«sgRiª«soƒ«s ¬sÈýÁV Â¿Ázmsöƒ«sÈýÁLiVVƒ«sµj…. „sƒ«s¸R…V ª«sLi»R½V²R…ª«soNRPª«sVVø. ¬ds¸R…V®ƒs[*xtsQßáª«sVV xmnsÖÁLi¿RÁVƒ«sV.

AµR…XaRPù®ªsVÈýÁV µR…LRi+ƒ«s„sVÀÁèƒ«sµ][ ¸R…VÛÉýÁÀÁú»R½ª«sVVgS ƒ«sµR…XaRPùQ\®ªsVƒ«sµj…. @¼½ ryª«sWƒ«sù xqs*Ë³Øª«sª«sVV gRiÌÁ ¸R…W µR…XaRPùª«sVV ƒyÍÜ[ ƒy»føƒ«sõ»R½ùª«sVVƒ«sV aSLi¼½ r¢ÅÁùª«sVVÌÁƒ«sV NRPÖæÁLiÀÁƒ«sµj…. @µj… NRPÌÁ¸R…V¬s ú»][zqsxmso¿RÁèƒy! µy¬sZNP[„sV ƒ«sxtísQª«sVV!''

Â¿ÁLigRiÌÁöÈíÁVƒ«s ƒ«sVLi²T… ry*„sV NRPLiÀÁZNP[gjiLji. B¿RÁèÈÁ®ƒs[ NSª«sVN][ÉÓÁ {mshRiª«sVVƒ«sõµj…. {mshSµ³j…xms¼½\¹¸…Vƒ«s »R½LS*»R½ ƒ«s¿RÁèÉÓÁZNP[gRiVÈÁ NTPµj…¹¸…[V úxmsµ³R…ª«sVLi. 1931 ÇÁƒ«sª«sLji 25ª«s ¾»½[µk… ¸R…Wµj…ªyLRiª«sVVƒy²R…V ry*„sV „s´R…VùQQNRPòª«sVVgS ƒy xmsÈíÁßáª«sVVƒ«s ú‡Á®ªs[bPLiÀÁLji. xmsÈíÁßáª«sVV NRPƒ«sVõÌÁ xmsLi²R…Vª«sogRi ƒ«sÌÁLiNRPX»R½\®ªsVƒ«sµj…. F¢LRiVÌÁV ª«sVx¤¦Ü[»y=ª«sVV»][xqsË³ÏÁNTPòNRPª«sVVgS ry*gRi»R½ „sVÀÁèLji. xmsLRiª«sV LRiª«sVßÔá¸R…Vª«sVV\ÛÍÁƒ«s ®µ…[ª«sÎÏÁª«sVVÌÁ»][ ƒ¯FyöLRiV ƒ«sµj… NRPLiÀÁ. Aµj… aRPLiNRPLRiVÌÁV $¿RÁúNRPª«sVV¬ds®µ…[ª«sÎÏÁª«sVVƒ«s xqs*¸R…Vª«sVVgS úxms¼½ztîsQLiÀÁLji. ÍÜ[xmsÖÁ úFyNSLRiª«sVVƒ«s gRiV²T…ÍÜ[ ª«sVƒ«sVxtsvù¬s¹¸…V»R½Vò aRPLiNRPLRiVÌÁ „súgRix¤¦¦¦ª«sVVƒ«sõµj…. aRPLiNRPLRiVÌÁV xqsLRi*ÇìÁ {mshRiª«sVVƒ«sµ³j…ztîsQLiÀÁ NRPLiÀÁÍÜ[ zqsµôðj…ƒ«sLiµj…LRi¬s »R½LRi»R½LRiª«sVVÌÁVgS „sƒ«s‡Á²R…Vƒ«sV. GNSú®ªs[VaRP*LRi ª«sLRiµR…LSÇÁ ®µ…[ªyÌÁ¸R…Vª«sVVÌÁ ¸R…VLiµR…Vƒ«sV, ª«sVLji ¿yÌÁ¬s»R½LRi ®µ…[ªyÌÁ¸R…Vª«sVVÌÁLiµR…Vƒ«sV aRPLiNRPLRiVÌÁ Â¿ÁNRPä²R…xmso ª«sVWLRiVòÌÁV gRiÌÁª«so. NRP²R…ÀÁƒ«s ¿yÍØ aRP»y‡ôÁVÌÁVgS $ NSª«sWOTPQ ®µ…[ªyÌÁ¸R…Vxmso ¸R…WÇÁª«sWƒ«sùª«sVV NSª«sVN][ÉÓÁ {mshRiª«sVVƒ«s®µ…[. 1840ÍÜ[ {mshSµ³j…xms»R½VÌÁÍÜ[ ƒ«sLRiVª«sµj… ƒyÌæÁª«s ªyLRiLiVVƒ«s $ ¿RÁLiúµR…ZaP[ÅÁlLi[LiúµR… xqsLRixqs*¼d½ ry*ª«sVVÌÁ ªyLRiV NRPVLiË³ØÕ³Á}tsQNRPª«sVV Â¿Á[zqsLji. ª«sVLRiV xqsLiª«s»R½=LRi®ªs[V NSª«sWOUPQ ®µ…[ªyÌÁ¸R…V ¬sLRi*x¤¦¦¦ßá ËØµ³R…ù»R½ NSª«sVN][ÉÓÁ {mshRiª«sVVƒ«sNRPV xqsª«sVLjiöLi¿RÁV ®ƒs[LSöÈýÁV úÕÁÉÔÁxtsv úxmsË³ÏÁV»R½*ª«sVVÂ¿Á[ Â¿Á[¸R…V‡Á²T…ƒ«s„s. 1931ÍÜ[ ry*„sV NRPLiÀÁÍÜ[ ƒ«sVƒ«sõxmsöV²R…V, ®µ…[ªyÌÁ¸R…V xmsoƒ«sLRiVµôðR…LRißáNRPVƒ«sV, ¬s»yùLRièƒ«sª«sVVƒ«sNRPV ®ƒs[LSöÈýÁV Â¿Á[LiVVLiÀÁLji.

1931 GúzmsÍÞ ÀÁª«sLji Ë³ØgRiª«sVVƒ«s ry*„sV NRPLiÀÁ ƒ«sVLi²T… ¸R…VV»R½òLRi®ªsVLRiWLRiVƒ«sNRPV ÇÁ¬sLji. BNRPä²R… xmsoLS»R½ƒ«s úxmsÇØ xmsLjiFyÌÁƒ«s xqsLixqósÌÁ gRiVLjiLiÀÁƒ«s ¿yLjiú»R½NRP úFyµ³yƒ«sùª«sVV gRiÌÁ aSxqsƒ«sª«sVVÌÁV gRiÌÁª«so. Â¿ÁLigRiÌÁöÈíÁV ÑÁÍýØÍÜ[ úFyª«sVVÅÁùª«sVV gRiÌÁ |msLRiVLi‡ÁVµR…WLRiVƒ«sNRPV NRPW²R… ry*„sV ®ªs×ÁþLji. Bµj… $ LSª«sWƒ«sVÇÁ ry*„sV ÇÁƒ«søxqósÌÁª«sVV. @NRPä²R… ƒ«sVƒ«sõ ¸R…Wµj…ZNP[aRPª«s |msLRiVª«sWÎÏÁ§þ ®µ…[ªyÌÁ¸R…Vª«sVVƒ«s ª«sWÉýØ²R…V¿RÁV ry*„sV xmsoxtsQöµR…Li»R½V¬s ª«sVz¤¦¦¦ª«sVõ r¡òú»R½ª«sVVƒ«s gRiÌÁ ¹¸…VVNRP aý][NRPª«sVV ƒ«sVµR…x¤¦¦¦LjiLiÀÁ ""„s„sµ³R…ª«sVV\ÛÍÁƒ«s ª«sV»R½ zqsµôðyLi»R½ª«sVVÌÁV ƒ«s®ƒs[NRP ƒ«sµR…VÌÁª«sLiÉÓÁª«s¬s¸R…VV ƒ«sµR…VÌÁ¬sõ¸R…VV rygRiLRiV¬s Â¿Á[Ljiƒ«sÛÉýÁ[, xqsLRi* ª«sV»R½ª«sVVÌÁVƒ«sV xmsLRi®ªs[VaRP*LRiV¬s ÛÇÁ[LRiª«sÌÁzqsƒ«s®ªs[, ¸R…V¬s¸R…VV LRiVÀÁ \®ªs„sµ³R…ùª«sVVÂ¿Á[ µyLRi+¬sNRP \®ªs„s´R…ùª«sVV NRPÖÁgjiƒ«sµR…¬s¸R…VV'' ƒ«sLiµR…Vƒ«sõ „sxtsQ¸R…Vª«sVVƒ«sV „sª«sLjiLiÀÁLji.

1931 xqsLiª«s»R½=LRixmso ¿y»R½VLSøxqsù úª«s»R½ª«sVV ÀÁ»R½WòLRiVƒ«s ÇÁLjigjiƒ«sµj…. úª«s»yƒ«sLi»R½LRiª«sVV xmsLRiùÈÁƒ«s N]ƒ«srygjiƒ«sµj…. ry*„sV ¸R…WLRißÓáÍÜ[ ƒ«sVLi²R… xqsVª«sWLRiV lLiLi²R…V ª«sLiµR…ÌÁ ª«sVLiµj… NSLiúlgixqsV xqs*¿RÁèéLiµR… }qsª«sNRPVÌÁV ry*„sV¬s µR…Lji+Lixmsg][LjiLji. ry*»R½Li»R½ûQù xqsª«sVLRiª«sVV ¼d½úª«sª«sVVgS ƒ«sVƒ«sõ xqsª«sV¸R…Vª«sVµj…. xqs*¿RÁèéLiµR… }qsª«sNRPVÌÁ ZNPª«s*Q\lLiƒ«s µR…¸R…W µyOTPQßáùª«sVVÌÁV ¿RÁWzmsƒ«s ªyLji\|ms úxmsË³ÏÁV»R½*ª«sVV „sLRiV¿RÁVN]¬s xms®²…²T… L][ÇÁÙÌÁ„s. @LiµR…VÂ¿Á[»R½ ª«sVh][µ][ùgRiVÌÁV ªyLji ¸R…VË³ÏÁùLóRiƒ«sƒ«sV ª«sV¬sõLi¿RÁVÈÁNRPV ÇÁLiNRPV¿RÁVLi²T…Lji. Bµj… ry*„sVNTP ¾»½ÖÁzqsƒ«sµj…. ry*„sVªyLRiV ªyLji¬s »R½ORPQßá®ªs[V úxms®ªs[aRP |msÈíÁª«sÌÁzqsƒ«sµR…¬s¸R…VV, ªyLjiNTP ª«sÌÁ¸R…VV®ƒs[LSöÈýÁV Â¿Á[¸R…Vª«sÌÁzqsƒ«sµR…¬s¸R…VV {msh][µ][ùgRiVÌÁ ƒy®µ…[bPLiÀÁLji. ªyLjiÍÜ[ }msLRiV}msLRiVƒ«s úxms¼½ ª«sùQQNTPò¬s xmsLSª«sVLji+LiÀÁ „sË³ÏÁW¼½¬s ªyLjiNTP úxmsryµj…LiÀÁ ¸R…WbdPLRi*µj…LiÀÁ xmsLizmsLji.

1932 ª«sWLjièÍÜ[ ry*„sV NSÎÏÁx¤¦¦¦zqsòNTP ®ƒs[gjiLji. @xmsöV²R…V ª«sV¥¦¦¦ bPª«sLSú¼½. xqsVª«sWLRiV ª«sVVxmsöµj…\®ªsVÎÏÁþ µR…WLRiª«sVV @²R…„sÍÜ[¬s NSÖÁËØÈÁ ®ªsLiÈÁ ry*„sV \ZNPÍØxqsgjiLjiNTP úxmsµR…OTPQßÓáLiÀÁLji. BNRPä²R… ƒ«sVLi²T… ¼½LRiVxms¼½NTP¬s, ¼½LRiVª«sVÌÁNRPVƒ«sV ®ªs×ÁþLji. úxms¼½ µj…ƒ«sª«sVV ry*„sV NRPª«sVø¬s ¾»½ƒ«sVgRiVƒ«s gRiLiÕ³dÁL][xmsƒyùxqsª«sVV ÖÁÂ¿Áè²T…ªyLRiV. ®ªs[ÌÁ N]ÌÁµj… ÇÁƒ«sVÌÁV NRPLñRixmsLRi*LigS „s¬s »R½LjiLiÂ¿Á²T…ªyLRiV. ÀÁ»R½WòLRiV ÑÁÍýØÍÜ[ ƒ«sgRiLji, ®ªsLiNRPÈÁgjiLji xmsÈíÁßáª«sVVÌÁƒ«sV ÇÁÚÀÁLji. INRP µj…ƒ«sª«sVV ry*„sV, xmsLi²T…»R½VÌÁ ®ªs[µyLi»R½ ¿RÁLRièNRPV ƒ«sµ³R…ùQORPVÌÁVgS ƒ«sVLi²T…Lji. 1932 ÇÁÚƒ±s 14ª«s ¾»½[µk…ƒ«s ry*„sV ªyLji ª«sW»R½X ª«sVWLjiò NRPVLiË³ÏÁN][ßáª«sVVƒ«s µj…ª«sLigRi»R½VLS\ÛÍÁLRi¬s »R½Li¼½ ª«sÀÁèƒ«sÈýÁVgS ª«sVhSµ³j…NSLji ry*„sVNTP Â¿ÁxmsöËÜ[gS ry*„sV ª«sVVLiµR…VgS®ƒs[ ""NRPVLiË³ÏÁN][ßáª«sVVƒ«sVLi²T…ªyLRiò ª«sÀÁèƒ«sµy'' ¸R…V¬s¸R…V²T…gjiLji. ª«sVhSµ³j…NSLji "¸R…Vª«so' ƒ«s®ƒsƒ«sV. BLiNRP ®ƒs[„sV¸R…VV ƒ«sƒ«sNRP ry*„sV µy¬s ƒ«sÈÁVLi¿RÁVª«sV¬sLji. N]Li»R½}qsxmso ª«s°ƒ«sLigS ƒ«sVLi²T… »R½LS*»R½ xmsLi²T…»R½VÌÁ»][ ""ª«sW»R½X ª«sVLRißáªyLRiò„sƒ«sõ xqsƒyùzqs ¹¸…[V„sV Â¿Á[¸R…Vª«sÛÍÁ'' ƒ«s¬s ¸R…V²T…gjiLji. xmsLi²T…»R½VÌÁV „sxtsQ¸R…Vª«sVV ®ƒsàÓágji ¿yÌÁ µR…VMÅÁxms²T… ¹¸…[V„sV¸R…VV xmsÌÁVNRPÛÍÁ[µR…V. ry*„sVÛÍÁ[ÀÁ lLiLi²R…V \®ªsVÎÏÁþ µR…WLRiª«sVVƒ«sƒ«sVƒ«sõ ÇÁÌÁFy»R½ª«sVVƒ«sNRPV ®ªs×ÁþLji. ªyLji»][ Ë³ÏÁNRPò ÇÁƒ«sVÌÁV \®µ…ª«s xqsLiNUPLRiòƒ«s Â¿Á¸R…VV¿RÁV ƒ«sƒ«sVgRi„sVLiÀÁLji. ªyLRiV ryõƒ«sLi Â¿Á[zqsLji @ƒ«sV¸R…W¸R…VVÌÁVƒ«sV ryõƒ«sLi Â¿Á[zqsLji. ÇÁgRiµæR…VLRiV ª«sW»R½X „s¹¸…WgRiª«sVV ®ƒsª«s*LjiNTPªyLRiV»R½ª«sVµj…gRi®ƒs[Ë³Ø„sLiÀÁ „s¿yLRixms²T…Lji.

ƒ«sgRiLji µR…gæRiLRi ‡ÁVgæRi¸R…Vƒ«sV xqsx¤¦¦¦ÇÁ xqsLiµR…LRi\®ªsVƒ«s ¹¸…VVNRP úxms®µ…[aRPª«sVV NRPÌÁµR…V. BNRPä²R… ƒ¯NRP ®µ…[ª«sÎÏÁª«sVVƒ«s NSbdP„saRP*ƒy´R…V²R…Vƒ«sV, úxms¸R…WgRiª«sWµ³R…ª«so²R…Vƒ«sV NRPÖÁzqs ¸R…VVLi²T…Lji. C ®µ…[ªyÌÁ¸R…Vª«sVV úxmsNRPägS ƒ¯NRP ÒÁª«sƒ«sµj… úxmsª«sz¤¦¦¦Li¿RÁV ¿RÁVLi²R…Vƒ«sV. ®µ…[ªyÌÁ¸R…Vª«sVV úNTPLiµj… ƒ«sVLi²T… ª«s¿RÁVè úxmsªyx¤¦¦¦ xmsLi¿RÁNRP„dsV ƒ«sµk… xmsLkiªyx¤¦¦¦ xmsLjiF¡xtsQNRPª«sVV. 1932 ÇÁÙ\ÛÍÁ 17 ƒ«sVLi²T… ¸R…W ª«sVƒ¯[x¤¦¦¦LRi úxms®µ…[aRPª«sVVƒ«s ry*„sV ¿y»R½VLSøxqsù úª«s»R½ª«sVV rygjiLiÀÁLji. ªyLRiVƒ«sõ ¸R…W NSÌÁª«sVVƒ«s ƒy®µ…[ª«sÎÏÁª«sVV ËØgRiVÂ¿Á[»R½ ÇÁLjigjiƒ«sµj…. ry*„sV NRPVLiË³ØÕ³Á}tsQNRPª«sVVƒ«sV |msµôR… ¹¸…V»R½Vòƒ«s ÛÇÁ[zqsLji. ‡Áx¤¦¦¦§ xqsLiÆØùNRPVÌÁV Â¿Áƒ«sõ xmsÈíÁßá F¢LRiVÌÁV Ë³ÏÁNRPòÇÁƒ«sVÌÁV ‡ÁVgæRiNRPVÇÁ¬s ry*„sV¬s LSxtísQû ZNP[LiúµR… \®ªsVƒ«s Â¿Áƒ«sõ ƒ«sgRiLRiª«sVVƒ«sNRPV „sÂ¿Á[è¸R…VV²R…¬s ¸R…W¥¦¦¦*¬sLiÀÁLji. ª«sVµR…LSxqsVƒ«sZNP[gRiV µyLjiÍÜ[ ¼½LRiV»R½ò¬sÍÜ[ $ xqsVú‡Áx¤¦¦¦øâßá[ùaRP*LRiV¬s µR…Lji+LiÀÁLji.

ª«sVµR…LSxqsV Â¿Á[LRiVÍÜ[xmsÌÁ ª«sVƒ«s ®ªsVVNRP „sÀÁú»R½ „sxtsQ¸R…Vª«sVVƒ«sV ¼½ÌÁNTPLi»R½ª«sVV. ƒ«s„sVøƒ«s ËØ\ÛÉÁ Ë³ÏÁNTPò úxmsxms»R½VòÌÁ»][ ®ƒs[„sLi¿RÁV ƒ¯NRP NRPVNRPägSµ³R…¸R…Vµj….

1927ª«s xqsLiª«s»R½=LRiª«sVV ƒ«sVLi²T… ¹¸…VVNRP NRPVNRPä ª«sVhRi xmsLjiÇÁƒ«sª«sVVƒ«sƒ«sVxqsLjiLiÀÁ ªylLi¿RÁèÉÓÁNTP F¡LiVVƒ«s ƒ«s¿RÁèÉÓÁZNP[gRiVÂ¿ÁLi®²…²T…µj…. A NRPVNRPä ¿yÌÁ „sÀÁú»R½\®ªsVƒ«sµj…. ¾»½ÖÁ„sgRiÌÁµj…. G ª«sWú»R½ª«sVVƒ«s xmsLjiaRPVúË³ÏÁLigS ƒ«sVLi²R…µR…V. ¸R…Wú»R½ÌÁÍÜ[ LSú»R½VÌÁV ª«sVhRiª«sVVƒ«sV NSxmsÍØ NS¸R…VV¿RÁVLi®²…²T…µj…. ª«sVhRiª«sVVƒ«sVLi²T… ÌÁÕ³ÁLiÀÁƒ«s úxmsryµR…ª«sVV®ƒs[ Ë³ÏÁVÑÁLiÂ¿Á²T…µj…. @LiµR…VÂ¿Á[ ry*„sV úxms¼½µj…ƒ«sª«sVVƒ«sV ry¸R…VLi xqsª«sV¸R…Vª«sVVƒ«s µy¬s ¸R…W¥¦¦¦LRi „sxtsQ¸R…VLi xmsLSª«sVLji+Li¿RÁV ¿RÁVLi®²…²T…ªyLRiV. ª«sVhRi®ªsVVNRP úxms®µ…[aRPª«sVV ƒ«sVLi²T… ª«sVLji¹¸…VVNRP úxms®µ…[aRPª«sVVƒ«s ZNP[gRiVƒ«sxmsöV²R…V NRPVNRPä ªyLji»][ FyÌÁNTP úNTPLiµR…VgS ƒ«s²T…Â¿Á[²T…µj…. ª«sVµ³R…ù ª«sWLæRiª«sVVƒ«s úgSª«sVxqósVÌÁV {mshRi }qsª«s Â¿Á[zqsN]ƒ«sV „dsÌÁV NRPÖæÁLi¿RÁVÈÁ\ZNP úxms¸R…Wßá ª«sWgjiƒ«sxmso²R…V ®ªsLiÈÁ®ƒs[ NRPVNRPä µR…WLRiª«sVV F¡LiVV ª«sVLRiÌÁ úxms¸R…WßáLi rygRiV®ªs[ÎÏÁ##\ZNP ¬sLkiOTPQLi¿RÁV ¿RÁVLi®²…²T…µj…. INRP L][ÇÁÙƒ«s ƒ¯NRP ÀÁƒ«sõ zmsÌýÁªy²R…V µy¬s¬s N]ÉíÓÁƒy²R…V. @µj… ªy¬s¬s NRPLRiVª«s ËÜ[LiVVƒ«sµj…. ª«sVh][µ][ùgRiV ÍØLiµ][ÎÏÁƒ«s ÛÇÁLiµj… µy¬sNTP gRiLi»R½ÌÁV NRPÉíÓÁ LiVVLRiVxmsµj… \¹¸…VµR…V \®ªsVÎýÏÁ µR…WLSƒ«s gRiÌÁ ¹¸…VVNRP úgSª«sVª«sVVƒ«s „s²T…ÀÁLji. NS¬s ÀÁú»R½ª«sVVgS ƒy NRPVNRPä »R½ƒ«sƒ«sV „s²T…ÀÁƒ«s ª«sùQQNTPò ry*„sV¬s Â¿Á[LRiNRP xmspLRi*®ªs[V, »yƒ«sV ry*„sV xqs¬sõµ³j…ƒ«sVLi®²…ƒ«sV. ƒyÉÓÁ ƒ«sVLi²T… ry*„sV µR…LRi+ƒ«sª«sVV NS¬s®µ…[ ¸R…W NRPVNRPä ¸R…W¥¦¦¦LRi»R½ ª«sVVÛÉíÁ²T…µj… NSµR…V. ®µ…[x¤¦¦¦xms»R½ƒ«sLi ª«sLRiNRPµj… ¸R…W ª«sVhRiª«sVV ƒ«s®ƒs[ ¸R…VVƒ«sõµj….

1932 |qs|mísLi‡ÁLRiV 28ƒ«s ry*„sV µR…LRi+ƒ«s Ë³Ø»R½ùª«sVV ª«sVµR…LSxqsV F¢LRiVÌÁNRPV NRPÖæÁƒ«sµj…. ry*„sV ¸R…V¿RÁèÈÁƒ«sVƒ«sõ ƒyÌæÁV ª«sWxqsª«sVVÌÁÍÜ[ ƒ«s¿RÁèÉÓÁ F¢LRiVÌÁV ªyLji ÒÁ„s»R½ª«sVVƒ«s xqsöxtísQ\®ªsVƒ«s aRPVË³ÏÁ xmsLjiª«sLRiòƒ«sª«sVV NRPÖÁgjiƒ«sµR…¬s Ë³Ø„sLiÀÁLji. »]ÌÁV»R½ ª«sVµR…LSxqsV xqsLixqsäQX»R½ NRPÎØaSÍØª«sLRißáª«sVVƒ«sƒ«sV, »R½µR…VxmsLji ƒ«sgRiLRiª«sVVƒ«sLiµR…ÖÁ LiVV»R½LRi úxms®µ…[aRPª«sVVƒ«sLiµR…Vƒ«sƒ«sV, ry*„sV µR…LRi+ƒ«s gRiLigSÇÁÌÁ Fyƒ«s »R½XxmsoòQ\ÛÍÁ xms„sú»R½V\ÛÍÁƒ«s úxmsÇÁÍØ»R½ø»R½ƒ«sø¸R…V»R½* NRPLRiª«sVV\ÛÍÁƒ«s ªyLji ¸R…VVxms®µ…[aRP ªyz¤¦¦¦ƒ«sVÌÁ ª«sVVƒ«säÖÁ²T… ®ªsÎýÏÁ§ ¿RÁVLi®²…²T…ªyLRiV. ®ªsVVµR…ÈÁ LSú¼½ ¹¸…VVNRP |msµôR… ¸R…VWlLi[gjiLixmso»][ ry*„sV xqsLixqsäQX»R½ NRPÎØaSÌÁ ÛÇÁ[LjiLji. ¿RÁNRPägS ƒ«sÌÁLiNRPLjiLixms‡Á²T…ƒ«s FyÌÁNTPÍÜ[ ƒ«sVxms„sxtísv\ÛÍÁ ry*„sV úxmsÇÁÌÁ\|ms ƒybdPxqsV=ÌÁ ÇÁÌýÁVÌÁ NRPVLjizqsLji. ƒyù¸R…V ª«sVWLjiò„s. NRPXxtñsQry*„sV @¸R…VùLRiV xqsLixqsäQX»R½ NRPÎØaSÌÁróyxmsNRPV²R…V. „dsLji NRPVª«sWLRiVÌÁV ËØÌÁ xqsVú‡Áx¤¦¦¦øßáù @¸R…VùLRiV. „dsLRiV, »R½µj…»R½LRi Ë³ÏÁNRPòbPÆØª«sVßáVÌÁV NRPÖÁzqs xqsLixqsäQX»R½ NRPÎØaSÌÁÍÜ[ ry*„sV ªyLji ¬sªyxqsª«sVVƒ«sNRPV »R½gjiƒ«s ¸R…V¬sõ ryNRPLRiùª«sVVÌÁVƒ«sV NRP²R…V ÇØgRiVLRiWNRP»R½»][ ®ƒs[LSöÈÁV Â¿Á[zqsLji. aRPLiNRPLRi Ë³ØxtsQù úxmsª«s¿RÁƒ«sª«sVVƒ«s\ZNP ¹¸…VVNRP ¸R…VVxmsLSùxqs¹¸…WgRiù Ë³ÏÁª«sƒ«sª«sVV „sÇÁ¸R…VµR…aRP„sVƒy²R…V ¬sLjiø»R½\®ªsVƒ«sµj…. µy¬sNTP ry*„sVxqs*¸R…Vª«sVVgS ""Ë³ØxtsQù„sÇÁ¸R…V ª«sVLi²R…xms'' ª«sV¬s ƒyª«sVNRPLRißáª«sVV Â¿Á[zqsLji.

F¢LRi xqsƒyøƒ«sª«sVV Â¿Á[¸R…Vª«sÛÍÁƒ«s¬s ª«sVµR…LSxqsV ƒ«sgRiLRi FyÌÁNRP xqsLixqós ¿yÌÁ NRPV»R½Wx¤¦¦¦ÌÁxms²T…ƒ«sµj…. $ ÉÓÁ.¸R…V£qs. LSª«sVry*„sV @¸R…VùLRiV ƒ«sgRiLRi FyÌÁNRP xqsLixmnsWµ³R…ùQORPV²R…V. ¼d½LSøƒ«s úxms¼½FyµR…NRPV²R…gRiV $ Fs. LSª«sVry*„sV ª«sVVµR…ÖÁ¸R…WLRiV ª«sWÉýØ²R…V¿RÁV ""¬ds ƒ«sgRiLRi FyÌÁNRP xqsLixqós ¹¸…VVNRP ª«sVhSµ³j…xms¼½NTP F¢LRi xqsƒyøƒ«sª«sVV Â¿Á[¸R…VVÈÁ NTPµj…¹¸…[V úxmsµ³R…ª«sVª«sVV. ALiVVƒ«sƒ«sV $ ry*„sVªyLRiV xqsLRi*ª«sV»R½ª«sVVÌÁ ªyLRiVƒ«sV ªyLji¬s Ë³ÏÁNTPòg_LRiª«sª«sVVÌÁ»][ xqsª«sWø¬sLi»R½VLRi¬s¸R…VV NSƒ«s ƒy ¼d½LSøƒ«s®ªs[VNRP úgkiª«sª«sVVgS ƒy®ªsWµj…Lixms‡Á²R…gRiÌÁµR…¬s¸R…VV »yƒyzqsLi¿RÁV ¿RÁVƒyõƒ«s¬s ¼d½LSøƒ«s úxms¼½FyµR…ƒ«s Â¿Á[|qsƒ«sV. @ÛÉýÁ[ ¸R…W ¼d½LSøƒ«s ª«sVLiµR…Lji ®ªsVxmsöVµR…ÌÁ»][ ƒ¯xmsöVN]ƒ«s ‡Á²T…ƒ«sµj…. ƒ«sgRiLRi xmsLjiFyÌÁNRP xqsLiróy Ë³ÏÁª«sƒ«sª«sVVƒ«sƒ«sV NSLRiùúNRPª«sVª«sVVƒ«s »yƒ«sV FyÍæÜƒ«sVÈÁ »R½ƒ«sNRPVÀÁ»R½ª«sVV NSµR…¬s ry*„sVªyLRiV ªyLRiLizmsƒ«s ¸R…W¥¦¦¦*ƒ«sª«sVVƒ«sV ª«sVLSùµR…gS ¼½LRixqsäLjiLiÀÁLji.

1932ÍÜ[ ƒ«sª«sLSú»][»R½=ª«sª«sVVÌÁV xqsLixqsäQX»R½ NRPÎØaSÌÁÍÜ[ ÇÁLRiVxms ‡Á²T…ƒ«s„s. ®µ…[„ds ª«sLjiª«sryù NSÌÁ\®ªsVƒ«s aRPLRiƒ«sõª«sLSú»R½VÌÁÍÜ[ ry*„sV ¬sLS¥¦¦¦LRiV\ÛÍÁ ª«sVV¾»^½QòµR…Vª«sÌÁƒ«sV ry*„sVªyLRiV ª«sW»R½Xª«sVWLRiVòÌÁVgS Ë³Ø„sLiÀÁ ªyLjiNTP NSƒ«säÌÁ ¬s»R½VòLRiV. lLiLi²R…V xqsLiª«s»R½=LRiúFy¸R…Vxmso xmszqsFyxmsÌÁ»][ ®ªsVVµR…ÉÓÁ L][ÇÁÙ úFyLRiLiÕ³ÁLiÀÁ ƒ«sª«s„sVƒy²R…V xmsµj…¹¸…[VLi²ýR… ËØÖÁNRPÌÁNRPV „sµ³R…VùQQNRPòQ\®ªsVƒ«s xmspÇÁ Â¿Á[¸R…VVµR…VLRiV. µk…¬sNTP NRPƒyù xmspÇÁ ¸R…V¬s}msLRiV. ®ªs[µR… xmshRiƒ«sª«sVV, ®µ…[„ds Ë³ØgRiª«s»R½ FyLS¸R…Vßáª«sVV, LSª«sW¸R…Vßá gki»yµj… úgRiLiµ³R… FyLS¸R…Vßáª«sVV»][ FyÈÁV ¿RÁLi²U…x¤¦Ü[ª«sVª«sVV, $ „sµyùx¤¦Ü[ª«sVª«sVV ÖdÁ¸R…VV»R½=ª«s µj…ƒ«sª«sVVÌÁÍÜ[ Â¿Á[¸R…V‡Á®²…²T…„s. ®ªs[ÌÁN]ÌÁµj… úxmsÇÁÌÁVxqsLixqsäQX»R½ NRPÎØaSÌÁNRPV F¡LiVV ¼d½LóRi úxmsryµR…ª«sVVÌÁƒ«sV ry*„sV ¸R…Vƒ«sVúgRix¤¦¦¦ª«sVVƒ«sV {qs*NRPLjiLiÀÁ ¸R…Wƒ«sLiµj…LiÂ¿Á²T…ªyLRiV.

ƒ«sª«sLSú»R½ª«sVVÌÁ ¸R…Vƒ«sLi»R½LRiLi ry*„sV úxms¼½ µj…ƒ«sª«sVV ry¸R…VLi xqsª«sV¸R…Vª«sVVƒ«s xmspÇØLi»R½ª«sVVƒ«s ƒ«sVxmsƒyùxqs xqsLi®µ…[aRPª«sVVÌÁ ¬sÂ¿Áè²T…ªyLRiV. ®ªs[ƒ«sNRPV ®ªs[ÌÁV úxmsÇÁÌÁV úxmsaSLi»R½LigS „s¬s »R½LjiLiÀÁLji. zqsLi¥¦¦¦xqsƒ«sxqsVòQ\ÛÍÁ ry*„sV N]Li»R½}qsxmso ª«s°ƒ«s ª«sVVúµR…ÍÜ[ƒ«sVLi²T… ®ªsVÌýÁgS ª«sWÉýØ²R… ƒ«sVxmsúNRP„sVLiÂ¿Á²T…ªyLRiV. @µj…¸R…VVxmsƒyùxqsª«sW; NSµR…V. x¤¦¦¦XµR…Li»R½LRiª«sVV ƒ«sVLi²T… ª«s¿RÁVè xqsLi®µ…[aRP ªyz¤¦¦¦¬s. Fsƒ¯[õ ¬sµR…LRi+ƒ«sª«sVVÌÁ»][ x¤¦¦¦XµR…¸R…WLiaRPª«sVVgRi ry*„sV xqsË³ÏÁVùÌÁ»][ ""„dsVLRiV ¬sLôRiVxtísQ\®ªsV ¬sLS²R…Li‡ÁLRi\®ªsVƒ«s ¬sryùLóRiQ\®ªsVƒ«s µj…ª«sù ÒÁª«sƒ«sª«sVV ƒ«sª«sÌÁLiÕÁLixmso²R…¬s ƒ«s¿RÁèÂ¿Á|msö²T…ªyLRiV. úxmsµ³yƒ«s z¤¦¦¦LiµR…W µ³R…LRiøª«sVVÌÁV, ¬s»R½ù NSLSøƒ«sVuîyƒ«sª«sVV, xmsLRiª«sV NRPLRiòª«sùQ\®ªsVƒ«s \®µ…ª«s Ë³ÏÁNTPò, z¤¦¦¦LiµR…Wª«sV»R½ „s„sµ³R… aSÅÁÌÁ xqsª«sVƒ«s*¸R…Vª«sVV, z¤¦¦¦LiµR…Vª«soÌÁ xmsLi²R…VgRiÌÁVcªy¬s úFyª«sVVÅÁùª«sVV. ª«sV»R½ xqsLixqósÌÁV ªy¬s úFyª«sVVÅÁùª«sVV, gRiVßØª«sÌÁLi‡Áƒ«sª«sVVc@\®µ…Q*»R½ ª«sVx¤¦¦¦»R½òQùª«sVVc®ªsVVµR…ÌÁLiVVƒ«s„s ªyLRiV úxmsxmsÀÁLiÀÁƒ«s „sxtsQ¸R…Vª«sVVÌÁÍÜ[ g]¬sõ úxmsµ³yƒ«s\®ªsVƒ«s„s. „ds¬s¬s „sƒ«sVƒ«sµR…XxtísQª«sVV ÛÍÁ[¬s ªyLRiV ""z¤¦¦¦LiµR…W'' ""xqs*®µ…[aRP „sVú»R½'' ®ªsVVµR…ÌÁLiVVƒ«s µj…ƒ«s xmsú¼½NRPÌÁÍÜ[ \®µ…ƒ«sLi µj…ƒ«sª«sVVgS úxmsNRPÉÓÁLixms‡Á²R…V xqsª«sW¿yLRiª«sVVÌÁ ÇÁµj…„s ¾»½ÌÁVxqsVg]®ƒs²T…ªyLRiV. A¿yLRiù ry*„sV ¸R…VVxms®µ…[aRPª«sVVÌÁV „sƒ«sõ úa][»R½ÌÁNRPVƒ«sV, xmsú¼½NS FyhRiNRPVÌÁNRPVƒ«sV ƒy»føƒ«sõ»R½ùª«sVV ƒ«sLiµR…VÈÁNRPV »R½gjiƒ«s ¸R…Vƒ«sVË³ÏÁª«sª«sVV NRPÖæÁƒ«sµj….

BNRPä²R… ƒ«sVLi²R…gS ry*„sV LSª«sVNRPXxtñsQ ª«sVhRi „sµyùLóji gRiXx¤¦¦¦ª«sVV, zms. ¸R…V£qs. z¤¦¦¦LiµR…W µj…ª«sùÇìØƒ¯[ƒ«sõ»R½ FyhRiaSÌÁÌÁ ª«sLiÉÓÁ „sµyù xqsLixqôðsÌÁNRPVƒ«sV ®ªs×ÁþLji. DFyµ³yù¸R…VVÌÁNRPVƒ«sV, „sµyùLóRiVÌÁNRPVƒ«sV ªyLRiV xms„sú»R½\®ªsVƒ«s „sµyù xmshRiƒ«s FyhRiƒ«s NSLRiùúNRPª«sVª«sVVƒ«sV úaRPµôðyË³ÏÁNRPVòÌÁ»][ ®ƒsLRi®ªs[LRiVö²R…¬s ¸R…VVµ][÷éµ³j…LiÀÁLji. ƒ«sgRiLRiª«sVV„ds²R…VÍÜ[xmsÌÁ ry*„sV úxmsÆØù»R½ xmsLi²T…»R½VÌÁƒ«sV, ®µ…[aRPË³ÏÁNTPò xmspLñRiV\ÛÍÁƒ«s ƒy¸R…VNRPVÌÁƒ«sV ÕÁLRiVµR…úxmsµ³yƒ«sª«sVVÌÁ xqs»R½äLjiLiÀÁLji. ª«sV¥¦¦¦ª«sVx¤¦Ü[Fyµ³yù¸R…V $ ¸R…V£qs. NRPVxmsöVry*„sV aSzqsòQûNTP ""µR…LRi+ƒ«s NRPÎØ¬sµ³j…'' ¸R…V¬s¸R…VV, $ ZNP[. ËØÌÁxqsVú‡Áx¤¦¦¦øßáùLi @¸R…VùLRiVNRPV ""µ³R…LRiøLRiOSQª«sVßÓá'' ¸R…V¬s¸R…VV, $ ZNP. NRPXxtñsQry*„sV @¸R…VùLRiVNRPV "xmsL][xmsNSLRi ÀÁLi»yª«sVßÓá' ¸R…V¬s¸R…VV ÕÁLRiVµR…VÌÁV ÌÁÕ³ÁLiÀÁƒ«s„s.

ª«sVµR…LSxqsV xqs„dsVxmsª«sVVƒ«s gRiÌÁ ¼½LRiVªyLji¸R…VWLRiV úxmsª«sVVÅÁ xms„sú»R½ xqósÌÁª«sVV. aRP»y‡ôÁVÌÁVgS ¬sµj… ª«sV¥¦¦¦»R½VøÌÁ ¬sªyxqs\®ªsVƒ«sµj…. ú¼½xmsoLRi xqsVLiµR…Lji »yùlgi[aRPVÌÁ ®µ…[ªyÌÁ¸R…Vª«sV¼½xmsoLS»R½ƒ«s\®ªsVƒ«sµj…. Aµj… aRPLiNRPLRiVÖÁLiµR…V $ ¿RÁúNRP úxms¼½xtîsQ Â¿Á[zqsLji. ®ƒs[ÉÓÁNTP¬s ú¼½xmsoLRi xqsVLiµR…Lki ®µ…[ª«sùLRièNRPVÌÁV ƒ«sLi‡ÁWúµj… úËØx¤¦¦¦øßáVÛÍÁ[. C ®µ…[ª«sÎÏÁª«sVV ÍÜ[xmsÖÁ úFyNSLRiª«sVVƒ«s $ aRPLiNRPLRiVÌÁ úxms¼½ª«sV NRPÌÁµR…V. NRP¬dsxqsLi N]Li»R½ NSÌÁ\®ªsVƒ«sƒ«sV NRPLiÀÁNSª«sVN][ÉÓÁ {mshSµ³j…xms»R½VÌÁV ¼½LRiVªyLji¸R…VWLRiVƒ«s ƒ«sVLi²R…N][LRiVµR…VLRiV. @NRPä²R… ƒ«sVƒ«sõ aRPLiNRPLRiª«sVhRiª«sVVƒ«s NSª«sVN][ÉÓÁ {mshSµ³j…xms»R½V ÖÁµôR…Lji xqsª«sWµ³R…VÌÁV NRPƒ«söÈíÁVƒ«sV. ª«sVƒ«s ry*„sV xms„sú»R½\®ªsVƒ«s ¼½LRiVªyLji¸R…VWLRiVƒ«s ZNP[gji µy¬s¬s xms„sú»R½ »R½LRiª«sVVgS ÛÇÁ[zqsLji.

1933 ª«sWLjièÍÜ[ NRPVLiË³ÏÁN][ßáª«sVVƒ«s ÇÁLRiVgRiV ª«sV¥¦¦¦ª«sVÅÁ ª«sVx¤¦Ü[»R½=ª«sª«sVVƒ«s FyÍæÜƒ«sVÈÁ\ZNP ry*„sV ª«sVµR…LSxqsV ƒ«sVLi²T… µR…OTPQßáª«sVVƒ«sNRPV ª«sVLRiÌÁ®ƒs[gjiLji. BLiNRPƒ«sV „sÇÁ¸R…V ¸R…Wú»R½ N]ƒ«srygRiV ¿RÁVLi²R…VÈÁÂ¿Á[ ªyLRiV NRPVLiË³ÏÁN][ßá ª«sVhRiª«sVVƒ«s NSÖÁ²R…ÛÍÁ[µR…V. ¼½LRiV„s\®²… ª«sVLRiVÍÜ[ ‡Áxqs Â¿Á[zqsLji. D»R½=ª«sª«sVVƒy²R…NRPä²R… ƒ«sVLi²T… NRPVLiË³ÏÁN][ßá®ªs[Vgji xmsoxtsQäLjißÓáÍÜ[ ryõƒ«sª«sVV Â¿Á[zqsLji. xmsLiú®²…Li²R…V ª«s»R½=LRiª«sVVÌÁ N]NRPryLjiª«s¿RÁVè ƒy ª«sVx¤¦Ü[»R½=ª«sª«sVVƒ«s FyÍæÜƒ«sVÈÁNRPV xqsVª«sWLRiV ÌÁORPQ ª«sVLiµj… NRPVLiË³ÏÁN][ßáª«sVVƒ«sNRPV ÛÇÁ[LjiLji. ª«sV¥¦¦¦ª«sVÆØƒ«sLi»R½LRiª«sVV ry*„sV ¼½LRiV„s\®²… ª«sVLRiVµR…WLRiV ƒ«sLiµR…ÖÁ aRPLiNRPLRi ª«sVhRiª«sVVƒ«s N]¬sõ ®ƒsÌÁÌÁVLi²T…Lji. xqsLiúxmsµy¸R…Wƒ«sV ryLRiª«sVV Aµj… aRPLiNRPLRiVÌÁ¿RÁèÈÁNRPV ®ªs×Áþ ª«sV¥¦¦¦ÖÁLigRi ry*„sV¬s µR…Lji+LixmsgS ÖÁLigRiª«sVV ƒ«sVLi²T… bPª«sª«sVWLjiò ¸R…W„sLRi÷é„sLiÀÁ µR…OTPQßá x¤¦¦¦xqsòª«sVV ®ƒs¼½ò ""@\®µ…Q*»R½ ®ªsVVNRPäÛÉÁ[ xqs»R½ùª«sVV'' @¬s ª«sVVª«sWøLRiV xmsÖÁNTP ¸R…VLi»R½LóSƒ«s\®ªsVLRi¬s ¸R…Vƒ«sV úaRPV»R½ª«sVVgS ª«s¿RÁVègSµ³R…. 1933ÍÜ[ ª«sVƒ«s ry*„sV LiVV¿RÁèÈÁ aRPLiNRPLRi ÇÁ¸R…VLi¼½ Â¿Á[zqsLji.

¿yÍØ NSÌÁª«sVVgS ry*„sV ÀÁµR…Li‡ÁLRiª«sVV ®ªsÎÏÁþª«sÛÍÁƒ«s¬s xqsLiNRPÌÁöª«sVV, NS¬s lLiLi²R…V aRP»y‡ôÁVÌÁNRPV\|msgS xmspLRi* {mshSµ³j…xms»R½VÛÍÁª«s*LRiV ƒ«sNRPä²R…NRPV F¡ÛÍÁ[µR…V. @NRPä²T… µk…OTPQ»yLRiVÌÁV aRPLiNRPLRiª«sVhS¿yLRiVùÌÁƒ«sV gRiW²R… xqs*¸R…Vª«sVVgS ƒ«sÈÁLSÇÁ ®µ…[ªyÌÁ¸R…V ª«sVLiµR…ÖÁ „sË³ÏÁW¼½¬s {qs*NRPLjiLixms¬ds¸R…VLRiV. B»R½LRi ®µ…[ªyÌÁ¸R…Vª«sVVÌÁ ¸R…VLi®µ…ÌýÁ {mshSµ³j…xms»R½VÌÁV xqs*¸R…VLigS „sË³ÏÁW¼½¬s {qs*NRPLjiLixmsª«s¿RÁVè. @LRièNRPVÌÁV »y\®ªsV LiVW¸R…Vƒ«sNRPäLRiÛÍÁ[µR…V. B»R½LRiVÌÁNRPV ƒ«sLRièNRPVÛÍÁ[ LiVV»R½VòLRiV. Bµj… {mshRiª«sVVÌÁNUP¸R…V‡Á²T…ƒ«s g_LRiª«sª«sVLSùµR…ÌÁNRPV ÀÁx¤¦¦¦õLi. ¿yÌÁª«sVLiµj… Ë³ÏÁNRPVòÍØ¿yLRiùry*„sV¬s ÀÁµR…Li‡ÁLRiLi „sÂ¿Á[è¸R…VV²R…¬s ¸R…VLójiLiÀÁLji. ry*„sVNTP NRPW²R… ®ªsÎÏÁþª«sÛÍÁƒ«s¬s¸R…VV ƒ«sÈÁLSÇÁry*„sV µR…LRi+ƒ«sLi Â¿Á[zqsN]ƒ«s ª«sÛÍÁƒ«s¬s¸R…VV ªyLi¿³RÁNRPÌÁµR…V. Ë³ÏÁNRPVòÌÁ ¸R…W¥¦¦¦*ƒ«sLi @LigkiNRPLjiLiÀÁ ry*„sV 1933 ®ªs[V 18 ƒ«s ÀÁµR…Li‡ÁLRiLi Â¿Á[LjiLji. µk…OTPQ»yLRiVÌÁ»][ NRPÖÁzqs ÀÁµR…Li‡ÁLRi F¢LRiVÌÁV ry*„sVNTP ry*gRi»R½„sVÀÁèLji. ry*„sV ƒ«sÈÁLSÇÁ ®µ…[ªyÌÁ¸R…Vª«sVVƒ«sZNP[gji „sË³ÏÁW¼½¬s\lgiN]ƒ«sV ƒ«sxmsöV®²…[„sV ÇÁLRiVgRiVƒ¯[ ¸R…V¬s Ë³ÏÁNRPVòÍØLiµ][ÎÏÁƒ«s ÛÇÁLiµR…V¿RÁVLi²T…Lji. ry*„sV ª«sWú»R½®ªs[V„sV¸R…VV xmsÉíÓÁLi¿RÁVN]ƒ«sÛÍÁ[µR…V. ªyLjiNTP NSª«sÌÁzqsƒ«sµj… ryµ³R…ùQ\®ªsVƒ«sLi»R½ »R½*LRiÍÜ[ ƒ«sÈÁLSÇÁ µR…LRi+ƒ«sª«sVV. DµR…¸R…VLi |msLiµR…ÌÁNRP²R…®ƒs[ ÛÍÁ[ÀÁ ry*„sV ®µ…[ªyÌÁ¸R…Vª«sVVƒ«sZNP[gRi ¬saRPèLiVVLiÀÁLji. xmsLji¿yLRiNRPV ƒ¯NRP¬s¬s »R½ÉØNRPª«sVV ƒ¯µôR…ƒ«sVLi²R… ¬s¹¸…WgjiLiÀÁLji. ¾»½ÌýÁ ªyLRiVLRi&Wª«sVVƒ«s ƒyÌÁVgRiV gRiLiÈÁZNP[ ªyLRiV ÛÍÁ[ÀdÁ »R½ÉØNRPª«sVVƒ«sZNP[gji, ryõƒyƒ«sVuîyƒ«sª«sVVÌÁ ª«sVVgjiLi¿RÁVN]¬s, ®µ…[ªyÌÁ¸R…V µy*LRiª«sVV ¾»½LRiVª«sgRi®ƒs[ ƒ«sÈÁLSÇÁ ry*„sV ¹¸…VµR…VÈÁ ¬sÖÁÀÁ µ³yùƒ«sª«sVgRiVõQQ\ÛÍÁLji. ry*„sV ƒ«sNRPä²R… ¿RÁW²R…gRi®ƒs[ úFy»R½LRiLRièƒ«s\ZNP ¿RÁ¬sƒ«s µk…OTPQ»yLRiV ¬sLçSLiaRPF¡LiVV, ®ªsLiÈÁ®ƒs[ »R½NTPäƒ«s µk…OTPQ»yLRiVÌÁ LRizmsöLiÂ¿Áƒ«sV. »R½ORPQßá®ªs[V ªyLRiLiµR…LRiVª«sÀÁè xqs„sƒ«s¸R…Vª«sVVgS ®ªsWNRPLjiÖýÁ ""»yª«sVV g_LRiª«sxmsoLRixqs=LRiª«sVVgS ry*„sV ƒy¥¦¦¦*¬sLixmsµR…ÌÁÀÁ¼½'' ª«sV¬s¸R…VV ƒyÍÜ[ƒ«s®ƒs[ ry*gRi»yµR…VÌÁV ÛÍÁ[NRPVLi²R… ry*„sV ª«sVVLiµR…VgRi®ƒs[ ƒ«sÈÁLSÇÁÙ µR…LRi+ƒ«sª«sVV Â¿Á[zqsLRi¬s¸R…VV, ¬ds xqsLixmnsVÈÁƒ«sNRPV »yª«sVV ¿yÌÁ ËØµ³R…xms²R…V¿RÁVLiÉÓÁ ª«sV¬s¸R…VV ªyLji ¸R…WLiµ][ÎÏÁƒ«s ®ªsÖÁ‡ÁVÀÁèLji. »yª«sVÈýÁV Â¿Á[¸R…VVÈÁNRPV NSLRißáª«sVV ""úFy»R½MNSÌÁ úxms´R…ª«sV µR…LRi+ƒ«sª«sVVƒ«sV „saRP*LRiWxms µR…LRi+ƒ«sª«sVLiµR…VLRi¬s¸R…VV, »yª«sVµj…¸R…VÕ³ÁÌÁztsQLiÀÁ ¸R…VÈýÁV Â¿Á[zqs¼½ª«sV¬s¸R…VV ry*„sV Â¿Ázmsö ªyLji NRPWLRiÈÁ NRPÖæÁLiÀÁLji. ÀÁµR…Li‡ÁLRiª«sVVƒ«s »yª«sVVƒ«sõ¬sõƒyÎýÏÁ§ \®µ…ª«sµR…LRi+ƒ«sª«sVVƒ«sNRPV ª«s»R½Vòª«sV¬sLji. µk…OTPQ»yLRiVÌÁV ry*„sVNTP ¬s»R½LRi ®µ…[ª«sÎÏÁª«sVVÌÁLiµR…V ª«sÛÍÁ®ƒs[ xqsª«sWøƒ«sª«sVV Â¿Á[zqsLji. µk…OTPQ»yLRiVÌÁ x¤¦¦¦XµR…¸R…V xmspLRi*NSË³ÏÁùLóRiƒ«s ƒ«sLigkiNRPLjiLiÀÁ ry*„sV ƒ«sÈÁLSÇÁ ®µ…[ªyÌÁ¸R…Vª«sVVƒ«s®ƒs[ N]¬sõ ƒyÎÏÁ§þLi²T… $¿RÁLiúµR…ª«s°×dÁaRP*LRiV¬sxmspÇÁxqsx¤¦¦¦úxqs xqsòLiË³ÏÁª«sVLi²R…xmsª«sVVƒ«s Â¿Á[zqsLji. Aµj… aRPLiNRPLRiVÌÁV\ZNP ÍØxqsLi ƒ«sVLi²T… ¾»½ÀÁèƒ«s HµR…V xqsöÉÓÁNRPÖÁLigRiª«sVVÍÜ[ lLiLi²R…V xqsöÉÓÁNRPÖÁLigRiª«sVVÌÁNRPVƒ«sƒ«sgS ÀÁµR…Li‡ÁLRi ®ªsWORPQÖÁLigRiª«sVVƒ«sNRPVƒ«sV, NRPLiÀÁ¹¸…WgRi ÖÁLigRiª«sVV ƒ«sNRPVƒ«sV ƒ¯ZNP[ª«sVLi²R…xmsª«sVVƒ«s ƒ¯ZNP[¿][ÈÁ ƒ¯ZNP[xqsª«sV¸R…Vª«sVVƒ«sƒ«sLRièƒ«s ÇÁLRiVgRigS ¿RÁW¿RÁVƒ«sxqsµR…XaRPùQ\®ªsVƒ«s ¸R…VµR…XxtísQLi Ë³ÏÁNRPVòÌÁNRPV ÌÁÕ³ÁLiÀÁƒ«sµj….

1933ÍÜ[ ¿y»R½VLSøxqsùúª«s»R½ª«sVV, ƒ«sª«sLSú»][»R½=ª«sª«sVVÌÁV »R½LiÇØª«spLjiÍÜ[ ÇÁLjigjiƒ«s„s. »R½LiÇØª«spLji ¸R…VVª«sLSÇÁLiVVƒ«s úxms»yxmszqsLix¤¦¦¦LSÇÁÙgSLRiVƒ«sV, $ ÉÓÁ. AL`i. ÇÜ[ztsQgSLRiV ƒ«sVµyLRiª«sVVgS ÛÇÁ[zqsƒ«sµy»R½X»R½*ª«sVV xmnsÌÁª«sVVgS »R½LiÇØª«spLRiVÍÜ[ aRPLiNRPLRiª«sVhRiª«sVV¬sLjiø»R½\®ªsVƒ«sµj…. $ @ƒ«sLi»R½ NRPXxtñsQaRPLRiø ¸R…Vƒ«sV ¸R…VVª«sNRPV¬s ry*„sV ""NSbPNTP NSÖÁƒ«s²R…NRPƒ«sV F¡LiVV. »R½ª«sV ¸R…VV»R½òLRi®µ…[aRP ¸R…Wú»R½ NRPƒ«sVª«sgRiV ª«sWLæRiª«sVV ®ƒsƒ«sõ ª«sÌÁzqsƒ«sµj…gS'' N]¬sõ xqsLiª«s»R½=LRiª«sVVÌÁ úNTPLiµR…ÈÁ ƒ«sLizmsLji. @»R½²R…V z¤¦¦¦Liµk… Ë³ØxtsQƒ«sV ®ƒs[LRi*ª«sÛÍÁƒ«sV. ¼½LRiVgRiV úxms¸R…Wßáª«sVV \lLiÌÁV\|ms ÛÇÁ[¸R…Vª«s¿RÁVè. ry*„sV¸R…WÇìÁ ƒ«sORPQLRiaRPM $ NRPXxtñsQaRPLRiø bPLRiryª«sz¤¦¦¦LiÀÁ ¬sLRi*z¤¦¦¦LiÂ¿Áƒ«sV, NSbPZNP[gRiVÈÁ NS»R½¬s NSLRiVª«sWxqsª«sVVÌÁV xmsÉíÓÁƒ«sµj…. ª«s¹¸…Wª«sXµôðR… ry*ª«sVV\ÛÍÁƒ«s ú‡Á¥¦¦¦øƒ«sLiµR… xqsLRixqs*¼d½ ry*ª«sVVÌÁªyLRiV. g_LRiª«s¬ds¸R…VV\ÛÍÁƒ«s xmsLi²T…»R½ úxmsNSLi²R…VÌÁV, ª«sV¥¦¦¦ ª«sVx¤¦Ü[Fyµ³yù¸R…V $ Aƒ«sLiµR…aRPLRißáVÌÁV $ aRPXLilgi[Lki ª«sVhRiª«sVV úxms¼½¬sµ³j… $ úxms»yxms{qs»yLSª«sV aSzqsòQûgSLRiVƒ«sV ªyLRißØzqs F¢LRiVÌÁxmsORPQª«sVVƒ«s $ A¿yLRiù ry*„sV¬s ªyLRißØzqsNS¥¦¦¦*¬sLi¿RÁV¿RÁV xmsú»R½ª«sVVƒ«sLizmsLji. ry*„sV ÀÁµR…Li‡ÁLRiª«sVVƒ«sƒ«sVLi²R…gS ªyLRißØzqs z¤¦¦¦LiµR…W „saRP*„sµyùÌÁ¸R…Vª«sVVƒ«s „dsVª«sWLiry aSryòQû¿yLRiVùÌÁVgS ƒ«sVƒ«sõ ª«sV¥¦¦¦ ª«sVx¤¦Ü[Fyµ³yù¸R…V ÀÁƒ«sõry*„sV aSzqsòQû ÀÁµR…Li‡ÁLRiª«sVVƒ«sNRPV ª«sÀÁè NSbdPF¢LRiVÌÁ ¸R…W¥¦¦¦*ƒ«s xmsú»R½ª«sVVƒ«sV ¿RÁµj…„s „s¬szmsLiÀÁLji.

NSbdP ª«sV¥¦¦¦LSÇØgSLji ¸R…Vµ³R…ùQORPQ»R½ƒ«sV, xmsLi²T…»R½ ª«sVµR…ƒ«s®ªsWx¤¦¦¦ƒ«sª«sWÌÁªyù, ª«sV¥¦¦¦ ª«sVx¤¦Ü[Fyµ³yù¸R…V ª«sLæRiª«sVV, úxmsª«sVVÅÁ xmsLi²T…»R½ xqsLixmnsVª«sVV, ¬s»R½LRiúxmsÆØù»R½ ª«sùNRPVòÌÁV xqsË³ÏÁVùÌÁVgS ƒ¯NRP úxms¼½¬sµ³j… ª«sLæRi xqsLixmnsV®ªs[VLRiö²T…ƒ«sµj…. Ë³ØLRi»R½®µ…[aRPª«sVVƒ«s NSµ³yù¼½øNRP ZNP[LiúµR…\®ªsVƒ«s ªyLRißØzqsÍÜ[¬s F¢LRiVÌÁV NSbdP¸R…Wú»R½NRPV xqsLiNRPÖÁöLiÀÁƒ«s $ ry*„sVLSNRP\ZNP NRP²R…Vƒyú»R½ª«sVVƒ«s ®ƒsµR…VLRiV ¾»½ƒ«sVõÌÁV ¿RÁW¿RÁV¿RÁVLi²T…Lji.

xmspLRi* úxmsË³ÏÁV»y*¿RÁLRißØƒ«sVryLRiª«sVV ª«sVµR…LSxqsV úxmsË³ÏÁV»R½*ª«sVV xqs*®µ…[aRP xqsLiróyƒ«sª«sVVÌÁNRPVƒ«sV, „s„sµ³R…LSxtísQû úxmsË³ÏÁV»R½*ª«sVVÌÁNRPVƒ«sV ƒ¯NRP úxmsNRPÈÁƒ«s Â¿Á[zqsƒ«sµj…. ry*„sV NSbdP ¸R…Wú»yª«sWLæRiª«sVVƒ«s ªyLjiNTP¬s, ªyLji ¸R…Vƒ«sV¿RÁLRi ª«sLæRiª«sVVƒ«sNRPVƒ«sV g_LRiª«sxmsoLRixqs=LRiª«sVVgS ª«sÌÁ¸R…VVr¢NRPLRiùª«sVVÌÁ ®ƒs[LSöÈÁV Â¿Á[LiVVLixms ª«sÌÁzqsƒ«sµR…¬s LiVW úxmsNRPÈÁƒ«s ryLSLiaRPª«sVV.

1933 |qs|mísLi‡ÁLRiV lLiLi²R…ª«s ªyLRiª«sVVƒ«s ¸R…Wú»yLRiLiË³ÏÁ \®ªsVƒ«sµj…. L][ÇÁÙNRPV ¬sLRiVª«sµj… \®ªsVÎÏÁþ ¿]xmsöVƒ«s ry*„sV ¸R…VV»R½òLRi ®µ…[aRP¸R…Wú»R½ rygjiLi¿RÁV¿RÁVLi²T…Lji. µR…OTPQßá \ZNPÍØxqsª«sV¬s úxmsÆØù¼½ ƒ«sLiµj…ƒ«s $\ZaPÌÁª«sVVƒ«sNRPV NRPLRiWõÌÁVƒ«sVLi²T… ®ªs×ÁþLji. B¿RÁèÉÓÁ bPª«so²R…V ª«sVÖýÁNSLêRiVƒ«sV²R…V. FyLRi*¼½úË³ÏÁª«sVLSLiÕÁNRP. ®µ…[aRPª«sVVƒ«sLiµR…ÖÁ µy*µR…aRP ÇÜ[ù¼½LýjiLigRiª«sVVÌÁÍÜ[ ¬sµj…¹¸…VVNRPÉÓÁ. @uíyµR…aRP aRPNTPò{mshRiª«sVVÌÁÍÜ[ ¬dsxms„sú»R½ xqósÌÁ®ªsVVNRPÉÓÁ. B¿RÁèÉÓÁ xqósÌÁ ª«sXORPQ ª«sVLêRiVƒ«s ª«sXORPQª«sVV. (@LêRiVƒ«s ª«sXORPQª«sVV xqósÌÁ ª«sXORPQª«sVVgS ª«sVàÓá lLiLi²R…V xms„sú»R½ xqósÌÁª«sVVÌÁV gRiÌÁª«so. INRPÉÓÁ »R½LiÇØª«spLRiV ÑÁÍýØÍÜ[¬s ª«sVµ³y*LêRiVƒ«sª«sVƒ«sV }msLRiV gRiÌÁ ¼½LRiV„s\®²… ª«sVLRiVµR…WLRiV. lLiLi²R…ª«sµj… xmsoÉØLêRiVƒ«s ƒyª«sVNRPª«sVgRiV ¼½LRiVxmsöV\®²… ª«sVLRiVµR…WLRiV. Bµj… ¼½LRiVƒ«sÛÍÁ[*„s ª«sVLi²R…ÌÁª«sVVƒ«sgRiÌÁµR…V.) ¼½LRiVª«sVÌÁÍÜ[ ƒyNSaRP gRiLigRi NRPÌÁµR…V. $\ZaPÌÁª«sVVƒ«s Fy»yÎÏÁgRiLigRi NRPÌÁµR…V. Bµj… xms„sú»R½ ¼d½LôðRiª«sVV. $ Aµj… aRPLiNRPLS¿yLRiùry*„sV »R½ƒ«s bPªyƒ«sLiµR…ÌÁx¤¦¦¦Lji ª«sVÖýÁNSLêRiVƒ«sxqsòª«sª«sVV Â¿Á[zqsLji. ª«sVƒ«sry*„sV LiVWxqsòª«sª«sVVxmshjiLi¿RÁVÈÁNSƒ«sLiµR…xms²R…VµR…VLRiV. @LiµR…Vƒ«s®ƒs[ aý][NRPª«sVƒ«sõ ª«sVNRPVäª«s¹¸…VNRPVäª«s. CaRP*LRiV¬s xmsLRiª«sVVgRiƒ«sV ƒ«sLêRiVƒ«s ª«sXORPQ xmsLRiª«sVVgRiƒ«sV ZaýP[uy»R½ø NRPª«sLñRiƒ«sLiVVLiµR…V NRPÌÁµR…V.

xqsLiµ³yùLRiLiË³ÏÁ „sÇÁXLiÕ³Á»R½Li úaRPV¼½bPLRi

róyƒyLi»R½LSµ³j…ztîsQ»R½Li.

xqsú}msª«sV úË³ÏÁª«sVLSÕ³ÁLSª«sV

ª«sVxqs NRPX»R½=µy*xqsƒy a][Õ³Á»R½Li

Ë³Ü[gkiLiúµyË³ÏÁLRißáLi xqsª«sVxqsò xqsVª«sVƒ«sM

xmspÇÁùLi gRiVßØ„sxtsQäQX»R½Li

}qs®ªs[ $ gjiLjiª«sVÖýÁNSLêRiVƒ«s ª«sV¥¦¦¦ÖÁLigRiLi

bPªy ÖÁLigji»R½ª±sV.

úxmsµ][uyµR…V÷é»R½ƒ«sX»R½ùxmsLRiV (úxmsµ][xtsQ„sNRPzqs»R½ NRPVxqsVª«sV Ë³ÏÁLji»R½ª«sVV) ®ªs[µyLi»R½ úxms¼½Fyµj…»R½ ª«sVx¤¦¦¦xqsV= (úaRPª«sbP+L][ÌÁLiNRPX»R½ xmsoxtsQö ÇÁƒ«sª«sVV) ª«sVƒ¯[x¤¦¦¦LRi úË³ÏÁª«sVLSLiËØÌÁLiNRPX»R½ªyª«sV FyLRiV+ (ª«sVµ³R…VLRi LRi&VVLi NSLRiÍÜ[ÌÁª«sV´R…Vxms „sÌÁzqs»R½ª«sVV) Fyª«sƒ«s ÇÁƒ«sµ³yùƒ«sµ³yLS „sË³Øzqs»R½V (¬sLRiLi»R½LRi r¢LigRiµ³R…ù „sÌÁzqs»R½ª«sVV) Ë³Ü[gji Ë³ÏÁWxtsQßá (xqsVÅÁxmsµR…ª«sVV) xqsLRi*®µ…[ª«s»yLSµ³R…¬ds¸R…VV (xqsLRi* xmsoxtsQöª«sXORPQ úxmsª«sVVÅÁLi) D»R½òª«sV gRiVßá„sbPxtísv (gRiVßá „sbPxtísQª«sVV) $\ZaPÌÁ ª«sVÖýÁNSLêRiVƒ«s ª«sV¥¦¦¦ÖÁLigRi LRiWxmsoú‡ÁxqsVò¼½Li»R½V, (C xqsVLiµR…LRi ƒ«sgRiLRiª«sVVƒ«s ª«sVÛÍýÁ ¼d½lgiÌÁ»][ |msƒ«s®ªs[ƒ«sVN]ƒ«s‡Á²T…ƒ«s ¸R…VLêRiVƒ«s ª«sXORPQª«sVVƒ«sÕ³Á ª«sLñjiLi»R½V).

N]ÌÁµj… ª«sVLiµj… ¸R…Vƒ«sV¿RÁLRiVÌÁ»][ ""|msµôR… Â¿ÁLRiVª«so'' ª«sLRiNRPV ry*„sV xms²R…ª«s„dsVµR…ÇÁ¬s ¸R…V¿RÁèÈÁƒ«sVLi²T… xmsµR…Vƒ¯NRPLi²R…V \®ªsVÎýÏÁ§N]Li²R…®ƒsNTPäLji, 1934 ÇÁƒ«sª«sLji 29ƒ«s $\ZaPÌÁª«sVV Â¿Á[Lji ®µ…[ªyÌÁ¸R…Vª«sVVƒ«sZNP[gjiLji. bPªyƒ«sLiµR…ÌÁx¤¦¦¦Lji, r¢LiµR…LRiùÌÁx¤¦¦¦Lji aý][NRPxmshRiƒ«sLi Â¿Á[¸R…VV¿RÁV ry*„sV LiVV¿RÁèÈÁ ®µ…[ª«s»yª«sVWLRiVòÌÁ ¹¸…VµR…VÈÁ ¿yÌÁ NSÌÁLi ¬sÌÁ‡Á²T… µ³yùƒ«sLiÂ¿Á[zqsLji. $\ZaPÌÁª«sVVƒ«sN]¬sõƒyÎÏÁ§þLi²T… NRPLRiWõÌÁVNRPV ª«sVLRiÖÁ ª«sÀÁèLji. $\ZaPÌÁ ¸R…Wú»R½ÍÜ[ ¥¦¦¦LRißáù ª«sVµ³R…ùª«sVVƒ«s ƒyÈÁ„sNRP ÇØ¼½ Â¿ÁLi¿RÁVÌÁV ¸R…Wú¼½NRPVÌÁNRPV xqsLRi*xqs¥¦¦¦¸R…V xqsLiLRiORPQßáÌÁ»][ ¸R…Wú»R½ƒ«sV N]ƒ«srygjiLixmsÛÇÁ[zqsLji. ry*„sV ªyLRiV »R½ª«sV ª«sVµ³R…ùµR…LRi+ƒ«s „sV¿RÁVèÈÁ ª«sV¥¦¦¦ Ë³ØgRiùª«sVVgS ªyLRiV xmsLjigRißÓáLiÀÁLji.

NRPLRiWõÌÁV ƒ¯µôR… »R½VLigRiË³ÏÁúµR… µyÉÓÁ \|¤¦¦¦úµyËØµR…V xqsLiróyƒ«sª«sVV Â¿Á[LjiLji. 1934 zmnsúË³ÏÁª«sLji 12ƒ«s úxmsµ³yƒ«s ƒ«sgRiLRiª«sVV úxms®ªs[bPLiÀÁLji. ª«sVVÅÁùª«sVLiú¼½ úxmsË³ÏÁV»][*µ][ùgRiVÌÁ»][ NRPW²T… ÇÁgRiµæR…VLRiVª«soÌÁƒ«sV xqsË³ÏÁNTPòNRPª«sVVgS }qs„sLiÀÁLji. INRPƒyÉÓÁ Õ³ÁORPQNRPV xmsLjiNRPLRiª«sVVÌÁV, ¬sÇØLi úxmsË³ÏÁVª«so ƒyÇìÁ ®ªs[VLRiNRPV xqsLiróyƒ«sª«sVLizmsƒ«sµj…, {mshRi\®µ…ƒ«sLiµj…ƒ«s xmspÇØNSLRiùúNRPª«sVª«sVVÌÁNRPV r¢NRPLSùÌÁ¬sõ¸R…VV ÛÇÁ[¸R…V‡Á²T…ƒ«s„s. ry*„sV \|¤¦¦¦úµyËØµR…Vƒ«s ƒ«sVLi²T… ƒ¯NRP xqsƒy»R½ƒ«s µ³R…LRiø ª«sV¥¦¦¦xqsË³ÏÁ ÇÁLjigjiƒ«sµj…. @®ƒs[NRP úxmsª«sVVÅÁ „sµy*LixqsVÌÁV xqsË³ÏÁNRPV „sÂ¿Á[èzqsLji. ry*„sV xqsË³ØúFyLRiLiË³Ü[xmsƒyùxqsª«sVVƒ«s xqs*µ³R…LRiøLRiORPQßØª«saRPùNRP»R½ƒ«sV, úxms¼½ z¤¦¦¦LiµR…Vª«so¬s NRPLRiòª«sùª«sVVƒ«sV ËÜ[µ³j…LiÀÁLji. xmsLi²T…»y µR…LRißáª«sVVƒ«sV, µ³R…LRiøxqsWú»y¿RÁLRißáª«sVVƒ«sV NRPLRiòª«sùª«sV¬s úxmsÇÁÌÁNRPV ry*„sV ¸R…VVxms®µ…[bPLiÀÁLji.

\|¤¦¦¦úµyËØµR…Vƒ«sVLi²T… ¸R…VV»R½òLRi®µ…[aRP¸R…Wú»R½ ª«sV¥¦¦¦LRißáùª«sVµ³R…ùª«sVVƒ«sƒ«sV, ¬sLêRiƒ«s úxms®µ…[aSÌÁƒ«sV rygRiª«sÌÁzqs NRPxtísQ »R½LRiª«sVgRiVÈÁÂ¿Á[ ¸R…Wú¼½NRPVÌÁÍÜ[ ¿yÌÁª«sVLiµj…, ‡ÁLi²ýR…V, xmsaRPVª«soÌÁV, xqsx¤¦¦¦¿RÁLRiVÌÁV ®ªsVVµR…\ÛÍÁƒ«s ªyLRiV ®ªsƒ«sVNRP ƒyxms‡Á²T…Lji. C ª«sLæRiLi ry*„sV¬s ƒyÌæÁV xqsLiª«s»R½=LRiª«sVVÌÁ »R½LS*»R½ ƒyLiúµ³R… úxms®µ…[aRPLiƒ«s NRPÖÁzqsƒ«sµj…. 1934 GúzmsÌÁV 24ƒ«s zqsNTPLiúµyËØµR…V ª«sµR…ÖÁ g][µyª«sLji ¹¸…VV²ïR…Vƒ«s ƒ«sVƒ«sõ r~ƒyõNRPV Â¿Á[Lji ry*„sV ®ªs[V 5 ƒ«s Fyª«sƒ«s g_»R½„dsV ryõƒ«sLi Â¿Á[zqsLji.

@xmsöV²R…V ª«sVµ³R…ù LSxtísQûª«sV¬s zmsÌÁVª«s‡Á²R…V ®µ…[aRPª«sVVƒ«s ry*„sV xqsLi¿yLRiª«sVV Â¿Á[¸R…Vª«sÌÁzqs ¸R…VVƒ«sõµj…. ®ªs[VÍÜ[ aRPLiNRPLRi ÇÁ¸R…VLi¼½ g][µyª«sLki ¼d½LRiª«sVVƒ«s gRiÌÁ ‡ÁLi®²…ÍØ*²R…ÍÜ[ ÇÁLjigjiƒ«sµj…. ÇÁÚƒ±sÍÜ[ ƒygRixmspLRiVƒ«s N]¬sõ µj…ƒ«sª«sVVÌÁVLi²T… „sLiµ³R…ùxmsLRi*»R½úFyLi»R½ ®µ…[aRP Ë³ØgRiª«sVVƒ«s xms¸R…V¬sLiÀÁLji. ¬sLêRiÌÁ Ë³ÏÁWª«sVVÌÁ ª«sVVLi²R…VÛÉÁLi²R…ÍÜ[ úxms¸R…Wßáª«sVV NRP²R…V NRPxtísQ Ë³ÏÁLji»R½\®ªsVƒ«sµj…. ry*„sV xqsLiNRPÌÁö úxmsNSLRiª«sVV NSbdP Â¿Á[LRiVÈÁ úxmsµ³yƒ«s ÌÁORPQßáÂ¿Á[ª«sVVgS ƒ«sƒ«sV¸R…W¸R…VVÌÁV \®µ³…L][ù»y=x¤¦¦¦ª«sVVÌÁ»][ NRPxtísQƒ«sxtísQª«sVVÌÁƒ«sV, ƒ«sª«so*¿RÁV®ƒs[ ¸R…Vµ³j…gRi„sVLiÀÁLji. „sLiµ³R…ùª«sVVÌÁ µyÉÓÁ 1934 ÇÁÙ\ÛÍÁ 3 ƒ«s ry*„sV ÇÁ‡ÁÌÁVöLRiª«sVV Â¿Á[Lji xms„sú»R½ ƒ«sLRiøµyƒ«sµj…ÍÜ[ ryõƒ«sª«sW¿RÁLjiLiÀÁLji. @NRPä²R…ƒ«sVLi²T… xqs»R½*LRiª«sVVƒ«s xms¸R…V¬sLiÀÁ úxms¸R…WgRiƒ«sV 1934 ÇÁÙ\ÛÍÁ 23 ƒ«s Â¿Á[LjiLji. A xmsoßáùƒ«sgRiL][úFyLi»R½ª«sVVƒ«s ª«sV¥¦¦¦ª«sVx¤¦Ü[Fyµ³yù¸R…V gRiLigSƒyµ³R…LRi&VW ƒy¸R…VNRP»R½*ª«sVVƒ«s úxmsÆØù»R½ ƒy¸R…VNRPVÌÁV ry*„sVNTP „sµR…VùQQNRPòª«sVVgS ry*gRi»R½„sVÀÁèLji. ""gRiVLRiV ª«sV¥¦¦¦LSÇÁÙƒ«sNRPV ÇÁ¸R…V''ª«sVƒ«sV ÇÁ¸R…VÇÁ¸R…V µ³y*ƒ«sª«sVVÌÁ»][ ËØLRiVÌÁV ¼d½Ljiƒ«s ®ªs[ÌÁN]ÌÁµj… úxmsÇÁÌÁWlLi[gjiLixmso ÇÁLjizmsLji.

ry*„sV LS®ªs[VaRP*LRiª«sVVƒ«sVLi²T… ¾»½ÀÁèƒ«s BxqsVNRPƒ«sV úxms¸R…WgRiÍÜ[ 1934 ÇÁÙ\ÛÍÁ 25 ƒ«s ú¼½®ªs[ßÓá xqsLigRiª«sVª«sVVƒ«s gRiÖÁzmsLji. gRiLigS ¸R…Vª«sVVƒ«s xqsLRixqs*»R½VÌÁ NRPW²R…ÖÁ LiVV¿RÁèÈÁ NRPÌÁµR…V. µk…¬dsZNP[ ""ú¼½®ªs[ßÔá xqsLigRiª«sV''ª«sV¬s }msLRiV. BNRPä²R… gRiLigS ÇÁÌÁª«sVV Fyú»R½ÌÁÍÜ[ }qsNRPLjiLiÀÁ µR…OUPQßá ®µ…[aRP xmsoßáùxqósÌÁª«sVVÌÁNRPV xmsLizmsLji. C „sµR…VùQQNRPò \®ªsµj…NRP NRPLSø¿RÁLRißáª«sVVƒ«s ª«sV»y¿yLRi µ³R…LRiøª«sVVªyµ³yù¼½øNRP Ë³Ýg][×ÁNRP xqs\®ªsVNRPùª«sVVƒ«s ZNPLi»R½¸R…Vª«sxqsLRi®ªsW úxmsÇÁÌÁNRPV ry*„sV ¸R…W¿RÁLRißá ª«sVWÌÁª«sVVƒ«s „sµj…»R½ª«sVV Â¿Á[zqsLji. ÇÁÙ\ÛÍÁ 6 ƒ«s úxms¸R…WgRiÍÜ[ ¿y»R½VLSøxqsùúª«s»R½ ª«sWLRiLiË³ÏÁ##\®ªsVƒ«sµj…. ®µ…[aRPª«sVV ƒ«sÌÁVª«sVWÌÁÌÁƒ«sVLi²T… ª«sV¥¦¦¦Ë³ÏÁNRPVòÌÁV ªyùxqsxmspÇÁ ƒyÉÓÁNTP úxms¸R…WgRi Â¿Á[LRiVN]¬sLji. ry*„sV xqs¬sõ µ³yƒ«sª«sVVƒ«s®ƒs[ ¿y»R½VLSøxqsùNSÌÁª«sVVƒ«s „sµR…*»R½=Ë³ÏÁ ÇÁLjigjiƒ«sµj…. ÇÝ»R½òLSx¤¦¦¦ „sµR…*µR…*lLi[ßáVùÌÁV ¿yÌÁª«sVLiµj… FyÍæÜ¬s ªyLji ªyLji ª«sVx¤¦Ü[xmsƒyùxqsª«sVVÌÁ»][ ƒ«sË³ÏÁƒ«sÌÁLiNRPLjiLiÀÁ ry*„sV ¸R…WbdPxqsV=ÌÁ ƒ«sLiµj…Lji.

úxms¸R…WgRi ƒ«sVLi²T… ªyLRißØzqsNTP ®ƒsƒ«sV‡Áµj…\®ªsVÎÏÁ§þ NSÖÁƒ«s²R…NRP®ƒs[ ry*„sV xms¸R…V¬sLiÀÁLji. 1934 @Ní][‡ÁLRiV 6ƒ«s xmsoßáùxqósÌÁ\®ªsVƒ«s NSbdP xmsÈíÁßáª«sVVƒ«sV ry*„sV Â¿Á[LRiVN]¬sLji. NSbdP ª«sV¥¦¦¦LSÇÁÙ, xmsLi²T…»R½ ª«sVµR…ƒ«s®ªsWx¤¦¦¦ƒ«s ª«sWÌÁª«sù ®ªsVVµR…\ÛÍÁƒ«s xmsoLRiúxmsª«sVVÅÁVÌÁV ®ªs[ÌÁN]ÌÁµj… úxmsÇØ¬dsNRPª«sVV ry*gRi»R½„dsV¸R…V ƒ«sLiµR…VN]¬sLji. ""ÇÁgRiµæR…VLRiV ª«sV¥¦¦¦LSÇÁÙƒ«sNRPV ÇÁ¸R…V'' ª«sVLi¿RÁV¬sƒ«sµj…Li¿RÁV ÌÁORPQNRPV\|ms ª«sV¥¦¦¦ÇÁƒ«sªyz¤¦¦¦¬s ry*„sV¬s xmsoLRi„ds´R…VÌÁ ƒ«sƒ«sVxqsLjiLiÀÁƒ«sµj…. ¿RÁLjiú»R½ÍÜ[®ƒs[ ¸R…VxmspLRi*Q\®ªsVƒ«s ¸R…Vƒ«sLi»R½ ÇÁƒ«súxmsªyx¤¦¦¦ ª«sVË³Øù»R½V\ÛÍÁƒ«s ¸R…W¿yLRiù ry*„sVNTP Ë³ÏÁNRPòQùLiÇÁÖÁ xqsª«sVLjiöLixms ƒ«sƒ«sVgRi„sVLiÀÁƒ«sµj…. 1934 @Ní][‡ÁLRiV 8ª«s ¾»½[µk… ""xmsLi²T…»R½'' ƒyª«sVNRP z¤¦¦¦Liµk… ªyLSò xmsú¼½NRPÍÜ[ ¬ds ª«sVx¤¦Ü[ÇìÁQùÌÁ ª«sX»yòLi»R½ úxmsNRPÈÁƒ«s ÇÁLjigjiƒ«sµj…. A ª«sV¥¦¦¦¹¸…WgjixmsoLigRiª«so ª«sVVÅÁ ¾»½[ÇÜ[µR…LRi+ƒ«sª«sVVƒ«s úxmsÇØƒ«sLiµR…ª«sVƒ«sª«sµ³j…NRP\®ªsVƒ«sµj…. @ƒ«sLi»R½ úxmsÇØ ªyz¤¦¦¦¬s, ¸R…V¸R…VùÅÁLi²R… xqsƒyøƒ«s ª«sV¥¦¦¦ xqsË³Ø \®ªsË³ÏÁª«sª«sVV NSbdPxmsÈíÁßáª«sVV NRP¬s „s¬s ¹¸…VLRiVgRiµR…V.

NSbdP ª«sV¥¦¦¦ ƒ«sgRiLRiª«sVV $ „saSÍØOTPQ, „saRP*ƒy´R…VÌÁ ¬sÌÁ¸R…Vª«sVV, ª«sVVNTPò úxmsµR…ª«sVV\ÛÍÁƒ«s xqsxmsò ƒ«sgRiLRiª«sVVÌÁÍÜ[ úxmsª«sVVÅÁ\®ªsVƒ«sµj…. Fyª«sƒ«s gRiLigS úxqsª«sLi¼½ ¸R…VV»R½òLRi ªyz¤¦¦¦¬sgS ¬s¿RÁèÈÁ úª«sª«sz¤¦¦¦Li¿RÁVƒ«sV. ¹¸…WgRiVÌÁNRPV µj…ÇìÁÙÌÁNRPV ¬sµj… ª«sÈíÁVN]ª«sVø. ""ª«sLRiVßác@zqs''¸R…Vƒ«sV lLiLi²R…Vxms ƒ«sµR…VÌÁ ª«sVµ³R…ù úxms®µ…[aRPª«sVgRiVÈÁÂ¿Á[ ¬ds ƒ«sgRiLRiª«sVVƒ«sNRPV ""ªyLRißØzqs'' ¸R…Vƒ«sV ƒyª«sWLi»R½LRiª«sVV NRPÌÁµR…V. B¿RÁèÉÓÁ ª«sVßÓáNRPLñjiNSxmnsVÈíÁª«sVVƒ«s®ƒs[ ¸R…Wµj… aRPLiNRPLRiVÌÁV Ë³ØxtsQù LRi¿RÁƒ«s Â¿Á[zqsLji. ry*„sV ÇÁgRiµæR…VLRiVª«s¬s ®ªs[ƒ¯[ÎÏÁþ ¿yÉÓÁƒ«sµj… NSbdP¹¸…[V, B¿RÁèÈÁ ƒ«sVLi²T…¹¸…[V ry*„sV µj…gji*ÇÁ¸R…V ¸R…Wú»R½ úFyLRiLiË³ÏÁ##\®ªsVƒ«sµj…. NSƒ«s ª«sVƒ«s ry*„sV NSbdP ¸R…Wú»R½ xmsLRiª«sV úxms¹¸…WÇÁƒ«s úFyª«sVVÅÁùª«sVV NRPÌÁµj…. NSbdPÍÜ[ NSÌÁV |msÈíÁgRi®ƒs[ ry*„sV ¸R…Vƒ«sõxmspLñS „sZaP[*aRP*LRiVÌÁ µR…LRi+ƒ«sª«sVV Â¿Á[zqsN]¬sLji. @Ní][‡ÁLRiV 7ƒ«s gRiLigS ryõƒyƒ«sLi»R½LRiª«sVV ry*„sV ¿RÁLiúµR…ª«s°×dÁaRP*LSLRièƒ«s „saRP*ƒyµ³R… ®µ…[ªyÌÁ¸R…Vª«sVVƒ«s®ƒs[ Â¿Á[zqsLji. @Ní][‡ÁLRiV 9 ƒ«sVLi²T… aRPLRiƒ«sõª«sLSú»R½VÌÁV gRiLigRiNRPª«s*ÖÁ¹¸…VV²ïR…Vƒ«sgRiÌÁ µR…OTPQßØª«sVWLjiò ª«sVhRiª«sVVƒ«sNRPV ry*„sV „sÇÁ¸R…VµR…aRP„sV ƒy®²…[gjiLji. 1935 zmnsú‡Áª«sLji 9ƒ«s xmsLi²T…»R½ ª«sVµR…ƒ«s®ªsWx¤¦¦¦ƒ«s ª«sWÌÁªyù N][LjiäQ\|ms z¤¦¦¦LiµR…W „saRP*„sµyùÌÁ¸R…Vª«sVVƒ«s ZNP[gjiLji. ry*gRi»R½ xmsLi¿RÁLRi»R½õª«sVVÌÁV xqsLixqsäQX»R½ª«sVVƒ«s ª«sWÌÁªyù ¿RÁµj…®ªsƒ«sV. Aµj… aRPLiNRPLRi róyzms»R½\®ªsVƒ«s NRPLiÀÁ NSª«sVN][ÉÓÁ {mshRiª«sVVƒ«sV ry*„sV ¸R…VÌÁLiNRPLjiLiÀÁ ÇìØƒ«s xqsLixmsµR…, Fy„s»R½ûQùª«sVV, NRPXF¢µyLRiùª«sVVÌÁ xmnsÌÁª«sVVgS ƒy}qs»R½Vz¤¦¦¦ª«sW¿RÁÌÁ xmsLjiªyùxmsòQ\®ªsVƒ«s ¸R…VÅÁLi²R… NUPLjiò úxms¼½xtîsQÌÁ ¬ds xms„sú»R½ Ë³ØLRi»R½ª«sVVƒ«s ry*„sV „sÌÁzqsÖýÁLRi¬s¸R…VV, xqsª«sW„sxtísv\ÛÍÁƒ«s „saRP* „sµyùÌÁ¸R…V ª«sLæRiª«sVV ƒybdPLRi*µj…LiÀÁ »R½ª«sV ¸R…Vª«sVWÌÁù xqsLi®µ…[aRPª«sVV ¬ds¸R…V ª«sÛÍÁƒ«s¬s¸R…VV xmsLi²T…»R½ ª«sWÌÁªyù, ry*„sV ƒ«sLójiLiÀÁLji. xqsVÌÁË³ÏÁ xqsLixqsäQX»R½ª«sVVƒ«s ƒ«sVFyµ³yù¸R…VVÌÁƒ«sV „sµyùLóRiVÌÁ ƒ«sV®µô…[bPLiÀÁ ry*„sV ""„sµyùË³Øùxqs xmnsÌÁ ª«sVƒ«saS+Li¼½ ƒ«sLiµR…VÈÁ ÇìØƒ«s xqsª«sVVFyLêRiƒ«sª«sVVƒ«s®ƒs[ ¸R…Vª«sVX»R½»R½* úFyzmsò ryµ³R…ùª«sV¬s'' ¸R…VVµ][÷éµ³j…LiÀÁLji. xmsLi²T…»R½ ª«sWÌÁªyù aýSxmnsV¬ds¸R…V NRPXztsQƒ«sVgæRi²T…Li¿RÁV¿RÁV ""„sµyùúxmsßØ×ÁNSµj… „saRP*„sµyùÌÁ¸R…V NSLRiùúNRPª«sVª«sVVÌÁ LRiWF~Liµj…Li¿RÁV ƒ«sxmsöV²R…V ""AzqsòNRP»R½'' ¸R…WµR…LRi+ª«sVVgS ƒ«sVLi²R…ª«sÛÍÁ''ƒ«s¬s¸R…VV, ""„saRP* „sµyùÌÁ¸R…Vª«sVVÌÁ bPORPQßá ƒ«sLiµj…ƒ«s „sµyùLóRiVÌÁV, Ë³Øª«sƒyƒ«sVuîyƒ«sª«sVVÌÁ¸R…VLiµyµR…LRi+ ÒÁª«sƒ«sª«sVVƒ«s úxmsÇÁÌÁNRPV ª«sWLæRiµR…LRi+NRPVÌÁVgS ƒ«sVLi²R…ª«sÛÍÁƒ«s¬sLji. xqsË³ØLi»R½ª«sVVƒ«s xmsLi²T…»R½ ª«sWÌÁªyù ª«sWÉýØ²R…V¿RÁV ""Aµj… aRPLiNRPLRiVÌÁV NSbPNTP ª«sÀÁè Ë³ØxtsQù LRi¿RÁƒ«s Â¿Á[zqsLRi¬s'' xmspLRi* gSµ³R…ÌÁ ª«sVWÌÁª«sVVƒ«s ¾»½ÖÁzqsN]LiÉÓÁ„sV. NS¬s BxmsöV²R…V úxms»R½ùQORPQª«sVVgS ƒyµj… aRPLiNRPLSª«s»yLRi®ªs[V ª«sVƒ«s NRPƒ«sVõÌÁ ¹¸…VµR…VÈÁ ƒy¿yLRiù ry*„sVgS µR…LRi+ƒ«s„sVÀÁèƒ«sÈýÁƒ«sV Ë³ÏÁª«s xmspLRi*NRPª«sVVgS ¾»½ÖÁzqsN]LiÉÓÁ''ª«sV®ƒsƒ«sV.

1935 ª«sWLjiè 9 ƒ«s ry*„sVNTP g_LRiª«s xmspLRi*NRP xqsª«sWøƒ«sª«sVV Â¿Á[¸R…VVÈÁNRPV ""ÉÝƒ«sV¥¦¦¦ÌÁV''ƒ«s NSbdP ƒ«sgRiLRi ªyxqsVÌÁV xqsª«sW®ªs[aRP®ªsVVNRPÉÓÁ ¹¸…[VLSöÈÁV Â¿Á[zqsLji. „s„sµ³R… Ë³ØxtsQÌÁÍÜ[ úxmsaRPLiry xmsú»R½ª«sVVÌÁV xqsª«sVLjiöLixms ‡Á²T…ƒ«s„s. NSbPNTP ry*„sV LSNRPƒ«sV „sµy*LixqsVÌÁV ¿yÍØ ª«sVLiµj… N]¬s¸R…W²T…Lji. ry*„sV xqsª«sWµ³yƒ«sª«sVVƒ«s ""»yª«sWµj… aRPLiNRPLRiVÌÁ ª«sWLæRiª«sVV®ƒs[ ¸R…Vª«sÌÁLiÕÁLiÀÁ xmsLRiùÈÁƒ«s rygjiLiÀÁ¼½ ª«sV¬s¸R…VV ®ªs[VLRiÛÍÁ[¬s úxmsÇÜ[»y=x¤¦¦¦ª«sVVƒ«sV ÇÁÚÀÁ ¿yÍØ xqsLi»R½zqsLiÀÁ¼½ ª«sV¬s¸R…VV, ƒ«sƒ«sõ xmspLñS „saSÍØOUPQ „saRP*ƒyµ³R…VÌÁV NRPXFyµR…XxtísvÌÁ»][ ÍÜ[NRP NRPÎØùßáª«sVV NS„sLiÀÁ, úxmsÇØ¬dsNRPª«sVV µ³R…LRiøª«sWLæSƒ«sV LRiNRPVòÌÁgRiVƒ«sÈýÁƒ«sVúgRiz¤¦¦¦Lixms »yª«sVV úFyLójiLi¿RÁV ¿RÁVLiÉÓÁª«sV¬sLji.

1935 ª«sWLjiè 9ƒ«s NSbdP ƒ«sgRiLRi úxmsÆØù»R½ „sµy*LixqsVÌÁV, µR…Li²T… xqsƒyùxqsVÌÁV xqsª«sW®ªs[aRPª«sVV ÇÁLjizmsLji. BÉíÓÁ xqsË³ÏÁ##¹¸…[V NRPÌÁNRP»yòÍÜ[ ÇÁLjigjiƒ«sµj…. ª«sV¥¦¦¦ ª«sVx¤¦Ü[Fyµ³yù¸R…V NRPª«sVÌÁƒ«s¸R…Vƒ«s»R½LRiäLRi»R½õ ¸R…Wµ³R…*LRiùLRiùª«sVVƒ«s ª«sLigRi®µ…[aRP xmsLi²T…»R½VÌÁ xqsª«sW®ªs[aRPª«sVV ÇÁLjigjiƒ«sµj…. ƒ«sWÈÁ ª«sVVxmsöµj… ª«sVLiµj…NTP \|msgS „sµy*LixqsVÌÁV xqsª«sW®ªs[aRPª«sVVƒ«s FyÍæÜ¬sLji. $ ª«sV¥¦¦¦ ª«sVx¤¦Ü[Fyµ³yù¸R…V µR…VLæSaRPLRißáV²R…V ªyLRißØzqs úxms¼½¬sµ³j…gS NRPÌÁNRP»yò ƒ«sVLi²T… ª«sÀÁè ry*„sV¬s NRPÌÁNRP»yò NS¥¦¦¦*¬sLiÂ¿Áƒ«sV. ª«sVx¤¦Ü[ƒ«sõ»R½\®ªsVƒ«s ª«sVx¤¦¦¦»R½òQ* „sbPxtísQ\®ªsVƒ«sµj… NSª«sVN][ÉÓÁ {mshRiª«sV¬s »R½ª«sV „saS*xqsª«sV¬s ¸R…W úxms¼½¬sµ³j… „sƒ«sõ„sLiÂ¿Áƒ«sV.

1935 ª«sWLjiè 18ƒ«s NSbP„ds²T… GúzmsÍÞ 24ƒ«s ry*„sV FyÉØõ Â¿Á[LjiLji. "The search for light" @ƒ«sV ƒyLigýRi µj…ƒ«s xmsú¼½NRP GúzmsÌÁV 28ƒ«s ®ªsÌÁVª«s²T…ƒ«s µy¬sÍÜ[ ""NRPLiÀÁ NSª«sVN][ÉÓÁ{mshSµ³j…xms»R½V\ÛÍÁƒ«s ÇÁgRiµæR…VLRiV ry*„sV aRPLiNRPLS¿yLRiVùÌÁNRPV ÕdÁ¥¦¦¦LRiV ‡Áx¤¦¦¦§ª«sWƒ«s xmsoLRixqs=LRiª«sVVgS x¤¦¦¦XµR…¸R…VxmspLRi*NRP ry*gRi»R½ „sV¿RÁVè¿RÁVƒ«sõµj…. xms„sú»R½ ª«sV¥¦¦¦ xqsLiúxmsµy¸R…V ªyLRixqs»R½* ¹¸…WgRiùQ\®ªsVƒ«sµj…NRPLiÀÁ{mshRiª«sVV. $A¿yLRiùry*„sVª«sV¥¦¦¦LSÇÁ ÅÁLi²R… Ë³ØLRi»R½ z¤¦¦¦LiµR…W ÇÁƒ«s xmspÇÁ¬ds¸R…VVÌÁV. ªyLji xqs¬sõµ³j… ª«sWNRPƒ«sƒ«sù ryµ³R…ù xmsoßáù xmnsÌÁúxmsµR…ª«sVV. ªyLji xqsLi®µ…[aRPª«sVV úa][»R½ÌÁ ZNPÌýÁLRiNRPV ƒ«sª«saSù¿RÁLRißÔá¸R…Vª«sVV. ªyLRiV »R½F¡ ¬sLRi»R½VÌÁV. @µ³R…ù¸R…Vƒ«s »R½»R½öLRiVÌÁV. Bµj… ¬sxqs=Li®µ…[x¤¦¦¦ª«sVV. ry*„sV FyÉØõÍÜ[ aRPLiNRPLRi ÇÁ¸R…VLi¼½ xqsÖÁzms úxmsÇÁÌÁ ƒ«sƒ«sVúgRiz¤¦¦¦LiÀÁLji. xmsoLRiÇÁƒ«sVÌÁV {mshRi xmspÇØµj…NRPª«sVVƒ«sƒ«sV, xqsª«sW®ªs[aRPª«sVV ÌÁLiµR…Vƒ«sV FyÍæÜ¬s »R½Xzmsòƒ«sLiµj…Lji.''

»R½LRiVªy¼½ ¸R…Wú»y xqósÌÁª«sVV gRi¸R…V. 1935 ®ªs[V 20ƒ«s gRi¸R…V Â¿Á[Lji xmnsÌæÁV¬sÍÜ[ ryõƒ«sª«sW²T… „sxtñsv FyµR…ª«sVV µR…Lji+LiÀÁLji. ®ªs[V 25ƒ«s ‡ÁVµôðR… gRi¸R…VÍÜ[ ËÜ[µ³j…ª«sXORPQª«sVVƒ«sV, ‡ÁVµôðR…V¬s ®µ…[ª«sÎÏÁª«sVVƒ«sV ¿RÁWÀÁ ‡ÁVµôðR…V¬s ª«sVVLiµR…Vƒ«sõ ÀÁƒ«sõ bPª«sÖÁLigRiª«sVVƒ«sV µR…Lji+LiÀÁLji. ‡ÁVµôðR…V¬sµj… |msµôR… „súgRix¤¦¦¦ª«sVV. Fs»R½Vòƒ«s ƒ«sVƒ«sõµj…. bPª«sÖÁLigRiª«sVV xmsÌýÁª«sVVƒ«s ¿yÍØ ÀÁƒ«sõµj…gS ƒ«sVƒ«sõµj…. µk…¬s¬s aRPLiNRPLRi Ë³ÏÁgRiª«s»yöµR…VÌÁV úxms¼½ztîsQLiÀÁLRi¬sªy²R…VNRP. ÕdÁ¥¦¦¦LRiVÍÜ[¬s g]xmsö ¸R…Wú»yxqósÌÁª«sVV ""µj…¹¸…WgRiLRiV'' Bµj… \®ªsµR…ùƒyµ³R… ZOP[QQú»R½ª«sVV. ÇÁÚƒ±s 21ƒ«s A¿yLRiù ry*„sV ¸R…V¿RÁèÉÓÁNTP ®ªs×ÁþLji. $ gjiLjiÇØ ®µ…[„s¬s xqs*¸R…VLi Ë³ÏÁWÖÁLigRiª«sVVƒ«sV µR…Lji+LiÀÁ ¿yÍØ}qsxmso µ³yùƒ«s ¬sxtîsvÌÁLiVVLji.

ª«sV®µ³…[ùª«sWLæRiª«sVVƒ«sNRPä²R…NRPä²R… ª«sVÑÁÖdÁÌÁVÂ¿Á[¸R…VV¿RÁV ry*„sV 1935 ÇÁÙ\ÛÍÁ 13ƒ«s NRPÌÁNRP»yò Â¿Á[LjiLji. A ª«sV¥¦¦¦ xmsÈíÁßáª«sVV ry*„sV NRPV»R½=x¤¦¦¦xmspLji»R½ ry*gRi»R½„sVÀÁèƒ«sµj…. NS×dÁ xmnsVÈíÁª«sVVƒ«s ry*„sVÇÁÙ\ÛÍÁ 17 ƒ«sVLi²T… ¿y»R½VLSøxqsùúª«s»R½ª«sWLRiLiÕ³ÁLiÀÁLji. NS×dÁ ®µ…[ªyÌÁ¸R…V xqsLixmnsV xmsORPQª«sVVƒ«s ""µR…LRi+ƒ«s rygRiLRi'' $gRiVLRiVFyµR…aRPLRiøry*„sVNTP úxmsaRPLiry xmsú»R½ª«sVV ƒ«sLjiöLiÂ¿Áƒ«sV. ""®µ…[aRPª«sVV ƒ«sÌÁVª«sVWÌÁÌÁ ƒyµj… aRPLiNRPLRiVÌÁV {mshRiª«sVVÌÁ róyzmsLi¿RÁV¿RÁV NRPLiÀÁÍÜ[ NRPW²R… ƒ¯NRP {mshRiª«sVVƒ«sV ®ƒsÌÁN]ÖÁöLji. BxmsöV²R…V ª«sVƒ«sª«sVV xqsË³ÏÁNTPòNRPª«sVVgS xqsƒyø¬sLi¿RÁV ¬ds ry*„sV ¸R…W {mshRiª«sVVƒ«s NRPµ³j…xms¼½. „dsLSµj…aRPLiNRPLRiVÌÁV ®ªs[zqsƒ«s ËØÈÁ®ƒs[ xmsµR… ¸R…Wú»R½ƒ«sV ®µ…[aRPxqsLi¿yLRiª«sVV Â¿Á[¸R…VV¿RÁVƒyõLRiV. ª«sV¥¦¦¦NS×Á xmsLRi®ªs[VaRP*LRiVÌÁV „dsLji ¸R…Wú»R½ƒ«sV „sÇÁ¸R…Vª«sLi»R½ª«sVV Â¿Á[¸R…VgRiÌÁLRiV. ®µ…[aRPª«sVVƒ«s xmsoßáù µ³R…LRiøª«sVVÌÁV xqsVzqósLRiª«sVVgS ú®ªs[ÎÏÁ§þ FyµR…VN]ƒ«s ¬ds ¸R…Wú»R½ µ][x¤¦¦¦µR…ª«sVV Â¿Á[¸R…VVgSª«so»R½!'' ª«sV¬s ¸R…W¸R…Vƒ«s ¸R…WbPLi¿RÁV¿RÁW úxmsaRPLizqsLiÀÁLji. Aµj… aRPLiNRPLRiVÌÁ úxms¼½¬sµ³j…gS »yª«sVV ªyLji Ë³ÏÁNTPò g_LRiª«sª«sVVÌÁ {qs*NRPLjiLi¿RÁV¿RÁV xqsª«sW„sxtísvÌÁ NRPƒ«sVúgRix¤¦¦¦ ª«s¿RÁƒ«sª«sVVÌÁV xmsÖÁNTPLji. |qs|mísLi‡ÁLRiV 23ƒ«s ª«sLigRi®µ…[aRP úËØx¤¦¦¦øßáxqsË³ÏÁ xmsORPQª«sVVƒ«s ry*„sVNTP gkiLS*ßá Ë³ØxtsQÍÜ[ ƒ¯NRP úxmsaRPLiry xmsú»R½ª«sVLjiöLixms ‡Á²T…ƒ«sµj…. xmsLi²T…»yúlgi[xqsLRiV²R…V, xmsLi²T…»R½ xmsLi¿yƒ«sƒ«s »R½LRiäLRi»R½õÂ¿Á[ ƒyúxmsaRPLixqsª«sÀÁLixms‡Á²T…ƒ«sµj…. A¿yLRiù ry*„sV »R½ª«sV ª«sVx¤¦¦¦»R½òQùª«sVVƒ«s úxmsÇÁÌÁƒ«sV µ³R…LRiø ª«sWLæRiª«sVVƒ«s ƒ«s²R…Vxmso¿RÁVLi²T…Lji. NRPXFyª«sVWLjiò ¸R…VgRiVªyLjiLSNRPÂ¿Á[ NRPÌÁNRP»yò xmso¬ds»R½\®ªsVƒ«sµj…. NRPLiÀÁNSª«sVN][ÉÓÁ {mshSµ³j…xms»R½VÌÁNRPV ""¬sLiúµR… xqsLRixqs*¼½'' ¸R…Vƒ«sV ÕÁLRiVµR…ª«sVV NRPÌÁµR…V. ªyLji úFyª«sVVÅÁù „dsV ry*„sV µR…LRi+ƒ«s úxmsË³Øª«sª«sVVƒ«s „sµj…»R½ª«sVV. Aµj…aRPLiNRPLRiVÍØµR…LRi+ª«sVVgS $ ry*„sV „sÇÁ¸R…V ¸R…Wú»R½ƒ«sV FyµR…¿yLji\¹¸…V rygjiLi¿RÁVÈÁ úxmsaRPLixqs¬ds¸R…Vª«sVV.

ª«sLigRi®µ…[aRPª«sVVƒ«s ƒ«sª«sLS»R½VûQù»R½=ª«sª«sVVÌÁNRPV xmspÇÁ xmsLi²R…VgRi¸R…V¬s }msLRiV. Bµj… ª«sLigki¸R…VVÌÁNRPV ¿yÌÁ ª«sVVÅÁùQ\®ªsVƒ«s xmsLi²R…VgRi. NRPÌÁNRP»yòÍÜ[ ry*„sV |qs|mísLi‡ÁLRiVc @Ní][‡ÁLRiVÌÁÍÜ[ ®ªs[ÌÁ Ë³ÏÁNRPVòÌÁ NSƒ«sLiµR… úxmsµR…ª«sVVgRi ƒ«sª«sLSú»R½VÌÁ xmspÇÁ}qszqsLji. @Ní][‡ÁLRiV ª«sVW²R…ª«s ªyLRiª«sVVƒ«s ª«sVLRiÌÁ ƒ«sÅÁLi²R… Ë³ØLRi»R½ xmsµR…¸R…Wú»R½ rygjiLixms ‡Á²T…ƒ«sµj…. Aµj… gRiLigRiNRPVxmsƒ«sµR…V\ÛÍÁƒ«s µy®ªsWµR…LRi, LRiWxmsƒyLS¸R…VßáVÌÁ\|ms ry*„sV »R½ª«sV xmsLjiªyLRiª«sVV»][ F~gRi¹¸…W²R…\|ms xms¸R…V¬sLiÀÁLji. 1935 |qs|mísLi‡ÁLRiV 27ƒ«s „sV²R…õxmspLRiV ªyxqsòª«soùÌÁ „sÇìØxmsƒ«s\|ms ry*„sV ¸R…V¿RÁèÉÓÁ ZNP[gjiLji. @xmsöV²R…V „sV²R…õxmspLRiV ÇØ¼d½¸R…V „sxmýsª¯[µR…ùª«sV ZNP[LiúµR…ª«sVVgS ƒ«sV²T…NTP F¡ª«so¿RÁVƒ«sõµj…. ¿yÍØ ª«sVLiµj… ¸R…VVª«sNRPVÌÁV, „sVNTPäÖÁgS NRPÎØaSÍØ „sµyùLóRiVÌÁV LSÇÁúµ][x¤¦¦¦§ÌÁVgS Â¿ÁLRiÛËÁÈíÁ ‡Á²T…Lji. xmsÈíÁßáª«sVV ¬s}tsQµ³yÇìÁÌÁÍÜ[ ƒ«sVƒ«sõµj…. @xmspLRi*Q\®ªsVƒ«s ry*„sVLSNRPÂ¿Á[ úxmsË³ÏÁV»R½*ª«sVV ¬s}tsQµ³yÇìÁÌÁV N]Li»R½ ®ªs[VLRiNRPV xqs²R…ÖÁLiÀÁ ¸R…W¿yLRiùry*„sV ƒy¥¦¦¦*¬sLi¿RÁVÈÁNRPVƒ«sV, ª«sV»R½ xqsª«sW®ªs[aRP NSLRiùúNRPª«sVª«sVVÌÁV ¬sLRi*z¤¦¦¦Li¿RÁVÈÁNRPVƒ«sV úxmsÇÁÌÁNRPV „dsÌÁV NRPÖæÁLiÀÁƒ«sµj…. ry*„sV „sV²R…õxmspLRiV ª«sÀÁèLRi¬s ¾»½ÖÁzqs ¿yÍØ ª«sVLiµj…Â¿ÁLRiƒ«sVƒ«sõ LSÇÁNUP¸R…WLiµ][ÎÏÁƒ«s xmsLRiVÌÁV ry*„sV µR…LRi+ƒ«sª«sVV Â¿Á[¸R…Vg][LjiLji. A L][ÇÁÙ ry¸R…VLiNSÌÁ ª«sWLRiVgRiLiÈÁÌÁÍÜ[xmsoƒ«s ¼½Ljigji Â¿ÁLRiryÌÁNRPV ª«s¿RÁVè ¬sxtsQäL<RiQ\|msªyLji N][lLiäƒ«sV Â¿ÁLRiryÍØµ³j…NSLji ª«sV¬sõLiÀÁ, F¡ƒ«sƒ«sVÇìÁ ¬sÂ¿Áèƒ«sV. ªyLRiV ry*„sV ‡ÁxqsNRPV Â¿Á[LRiV xqsLjiNTP ry¸R…VLiNSÌÁª«sVV úF~µôR…VF¡LiVVƒ«sµj…. @LiµR…VÂ¿Á[ ry*„sV xmspÇØƒ«sLi»R½LRiª«sVV „súaSLi¼½\ZNP ÍÜ[¬sZNP[gjiLji. „sxmýsª«s NSLRiVÌÁV N]Li»R½ »R½²R…ª«so ®ªs[ÀÁ ¬sLRiV»y=x¤¦¦¦§\ÛÍÁ Â¿ÁLRiryÌÁNRPV ª«sVLRiÖÁ F¡ƒ«sVµR…VùNRPVòQ\ÛÍÁLji. NS¬s LiVVLi»R½ÍÜ[ ry*„sV ‡Á¸R…VÈÁNRPV ª«sÀÁèLji, „sxtsQ¸R…Vª«sVV ¾»½ÖÁzqsƒ«sµj… ªyLji\ZNP ry*„sV NRP‡ÁVLRiVxmsLizmsLji. ªyLRiVª«sVLRiÖÁª«sÀÁèLji. ryuíyLigRi xms²T…Lji. ®µ…[aRP ry*»R½Li»R½ûQù xqsª«sVVFyLêRiƒ«sNRPVƒ«sV, úxmsÇØ xqsLiZOP[Qª«sV r¢ÅÁùÌÁÕ³ôðÁNTP¬s ry*„sV ¸R…WbdPxqsV=ÌÁƒ«sV ªyLRiV xqs„sƒ«s¸R…Vª«sVVgS ƒ«sLójiLiÀÁLji.

„sV²R…õxmspLRiVƒ«sVLi²T… ry*„sV ÅÁLRig`ixmspLRiV ®ªs×ÁþLji. @NRPä²R… ƒ«sVLi²T… »y»yƒ«sgRiLRiV F¡LiVVLji. ÅÁLRigRixmspLRiVÍÜ[ \lLiÌÁV ª«sWLæRiª«sVVÌÁ NRPLSøgSLRiª«sVVÌÁVNRPÌÁª«so. »y»yƒ«sgRiLRi ª«sVVNRPVä xmsLjiúaRPª«sV ZNP[LiúµR…ª«sVV. »R½LS*»R½ ÕdÁ¥¦¦¦LRiVÍÜ[¬s ƒyÌÁVgRiV xqsLiróyƒ«sª«sVVÌÁV xqsLi¿yLRiª«sVV Â¿Á[zqsLji. ZNP¹¸…WÇÁLRiVxtsvL`iƒ«s ƒ«sVƒ«sõxmsöV²R…V µ³R…LRißÔá ®µ…[ªyÌÁ¸R…Vª«sVV µR…Lji+LiÀÁ, g][„sLiµR… Ë³ÏÁLiÇÁLji ®µ…[ª«so²R…ƒ«sV ƒy¸R…Vƒ«s NRPLiÀÁƒ«sVLi²T… LiVW „súgRix¤¦¦¦ª«sVVƒ«sV ¾»½Â¿Áèƒ«s¬s xqsLiróyƒ«s xmsú»R½ª«sVVÌÁLiµR…V gRiÌÁµR…V. ª«sV¸R…VWLRi Ë³ÏÁLiÇÁÙ xqsLiróyƒ«s ª«sVVÅÁù xmsÈíÁßáª«sVgRiV ‡ÁLjiFyµR…ª«sVVƒ«sgRiÌÁ ªyLRiâßá[aRP*Lki ®µ…[ªyÌÁ¸R…Vª«sVVƒ«s ª«sV¥¦¦¦ÖÁLigRi µR…LRi+ƒ«sª«sVV Â¿Á[zqsN]¬sLji. LSÇÁ ¬dsÌÁgjiLji xqsLiróyƒ«sª«sVVƒ«s ƒ«sV‡êÁƒygRi²³`…ƒ«s ¿RÁLi²U… ®µ…[ªyùÌÁ¸R…Vª«sVV NRPÌÁµR…V. ª«sWª«sVWÌÁVgS zqsLix¤¦¦¦ ªyx¤¦¦¦ƒ«sª«sVVƒ«sNRPV ‡ÁµR…VÌÁVgS ¬s¿RÁèÈÁ ®ƒsÌÁVgRiV NRPÌÁµR…V. ry*„sV ¸R…V¿RÁèÈÁ ƒyÌÁVgRiVL][ÇÁÙÌÁVLi²T…Lji.

ILjiry=ÍÜ[¬s NRPÈÁNRPV ÑÁÍýØúxms®ªs[bPLiÀÁ 1936 GúzmsÍÞ 4ƒ«s ÇÁ¸R…VxmsoLRi xqsLiróyƒ«sª«sVVƒ«sNRPV ry*„sV ¿RÁ¬sLji. Bµj… NRP²R…V xmsoLS»R½ƒ«s\®ªsVƒ«sµj…. xmsLRiª«sV xms„sú»R½ \®ªsVƒ«sµj…. ª«sV¥¦¦¦Ë³ØLRi»R½ª«sVVƒ«s µk…¬sNTP „sLSÇÁ {mshRiª«sV¬s }msLRiVgRiÌÁµR…V. @uíyµR…aRPaRPNTPò {mshRiª«sVVÌÁÍÜ[ ¬sµj… ¹¸…VVNRPÉÓÁ. B¿RÁèÈÁ \®ªs»R½LRißÓá ¸R…VV»R½òLRi ªyz¤¦¦¦¬sgS úxmsª«sz¤¦¦¦Li¿RÁVƒ«sV. BNRPä²R… xmsLiú®²…Li²R…V |msµôR… ®µ…[ªyÌÁ¸R…Vª«sVVÌÁVƒ«sõ„s. ÀÁƒ«sõ„s ¿yÌÁ gRiÌÁª«so. @¬sõ¸R…VV xmsoLS»R½ƒ«s ®µ…[ªyÌÁ¸R…V ¬sLSøßá N_aRPÌÁª«sVVƒ«s ƒ«sÂ¿ÁèLRiVª«so NRPÖÁgjiLi¿RÁV xqsVLiµR…LRi»R½LRi bPÌÁöÅÁƒ«sVÌÁV. lLiLi²R…V aRP»y‡ôÁVÌÁNRPV xmspLRi*„sV¿RÁèÈÁ r¡ª«sV¸R…WÑÁaRP»R½ª«sVVÌÁÂ¿Á[ ÇÁ¸R…VxmsoLRiª«sVƒ«sV ÕÁLRiVµR…ƒyª«sV „dsV úxms®µ…[aRPª«sVVƒ«sNRPV NRPÖÁgjiƒ«sµj…. ¸R…WÑÁxmsoLRi®ªs[V ÇÁ¸R…VxmsoLRi\®ªsVƒ«sµj…. BLiµR…V µj…ƒ«s xmsLi¿RÁNRPª«sVVLi²T… ÑÁÍýØZNP[LiúµR…\®ªsVƒ«s NRPÈÁNRPVNRPV ry*„sVÂ¿Á[LjiLji. aRPLiNRPLRi ÇÁ¸R…VLi¼½ LiVV¿RÁèÈÁ ÇÁLjigjiƒ«sµj…. 1936 ®ªs[V 3ƒ«s ryOTPQ g][FyÌÁª«sVVƒ«sNRPV ry*„sV®ªs×ÁþLji. ILjiry=ÍÜ[ µk…¬s¬s gRiWLjiè ¹¸…VVNRPgSµ³R…NRPÌÁµR…V. BµôR…LRiV úËØx¤¦¦¦øßáVÌÁV NRPLiÀÁ ƒ«sVLi²T… NSbdPNTPF¡LiVVLji. INRP²R…V ª«sVVµR…VxqsÖÁ. lLiLi²R…ª«s ¸R…V»R½²R…V ¸R…VVª«sNRPV²R…V. ¸R…Wú»R½ƒ«sVLi²T… NRPLiÀÁNTP ¼½Ljigji LSgS®ƒs[ »R½ƒ«sNRPW»R½VLRiV ƒy¸R…VVª«sNRPV¬sNTPÀÁè |msLi²ýT…Â¿Á[»R½Vƒ«s¬s ª«sXµôðR…V²R…V ªygôSƒ«sª«sVVÂ¿Á[|qsƒ«sV. ª«sV´R…VLRiÍÜ[ g][FyÌÁV¬s gRiV²T…ÍÜ[ ¬ds ªygôSƒ«s„dsV¸R…V‡Á²T…ƒ«sµj…. ÀÁª«sLRiNRPV ª«sVVµR…VxqsÖÁ »R½ƒ«sªygôSƒ«sª«sVV FyÉÓÁLixmsÛÍÁ[µR…V. ¸R…VVª«sNRPV²R…V LSÇÁÙ ƒyróyƒ«sª«sVVƒ«s ƒ«sÕ³Á¹¸…WgRiª«sVV ¾»½Â¿Áèƒ«sV. ryORPVÛÍÁª«s*LRi¬s LSÇÁ²R…VgRigS ¸R…VVª«sNRPV²R…V g][FyÌÁ®µ…[ª«so²R…®ƒsƒ«sV. ª«sV´R…VLRiF¡LiVV ®µ…[ª«so¬s ®ªsLiÈÁ¾»½ÀÁèƒy²R…V, µyLjiÍÜ[ g][FyÌÁV¬s\ZNP ¸R…VVª«sNRPV²R…V®ªsƒ«sV¼½Ljigji ¿RÁW²R…LSµR…V. NRPLiÀÁzqsªyLRiVÌÁÍÜ[ ¬ds ¬s¸R…V®ªsWÌýÁLixmnsVƒ«sª«sVV ¸R…VVª«sNRPV²R…VÂ¿Á[zqsƒy²R…V. »R½ORPQßá®ªs[V»R½»R½öQû®µ…[aRPª«sVVƒ«s g][FyÌÁ®µ…[ª«so²R…V „súgRix¤¦¦¦ª«sVVgS ª«sWLji ¬sÖÁÀÁƒy²R…V. »R½LS*»R½ xmspLkiúxmsË³ÏÁV ª¯NRP²y „súgRix¤¦¦¦ª«sVV ƒ«sNRPä²R…ƒ«sVLi²T… ryOTPQg][FyÌÁª«sVVƒ«sNRPV ¾»½Â¿Áèƒ«sV.

ryOTPQg][FyÌÁª«sVVƒ«sVLi²T… xmspLkiÇÁgRiƒyõµ³R…ª«sVVƒ«sNRPV ry*„sV xms¸R…V¬sLiÀÁLji. |msµôR…¸R…VWlLi[gjiLixmsoƒ«sƒ«sLi»R½LRiª«sVV g][ª«sLôðRiƒ«sª«sVhRiª«sVVƒ«s ry*„sVNTP „sµR…VùQQNRPòª«sVVgRi ƒy¼½µ³R…ù „dsV¸R…V‡Á²T…ƒ«sµj…. g][ª«sLôðRiƒ«sª«sVhRiª«sVV»][ËØÈÁV B»R½LS\®µ…Q*»R½ª«sVhRiª«sVV\ÛÍÁƒ«s aRPLiNRPLSƒ«sLiµR…ª«sVhRiª«sVV, bPª«s¼d½LóRiª«sVhRiª«sVV, g][FyÌÁ¼d½LóRiª«sVhRiª«sVVÌÁV NRPW²R… ¬ds¸R…VV»R½=ª«sª«sVVƒ«s FyÍæÜ¬sƒ«s„s. ry*„sVNTP¬s xmsLjiªyLRiª«sVVƒ«sNRPVƒ«sV ª«sÌÁ¸R…VV r¢NRPLRiùª«sVVÌÁV ƒyÌæÁVª«sVhRiª«sVVÌÁVƒ«sV Â¿Á[zqsƒ«s„s. ÇÁgRiƒyõµ³R…ry*„sV µR…LRi+ƒ«sª«sVV Â¿Á[zqsN]¬s ª«sVVÅÁª«sVLi²R…xms xqsË³Ø„sµy*LixqsVÌÁN][lLiäQ\|ms ry*„sV ª«sVVÅÁª«sVLi²R…xmsª«sVV ƒ«sÌÁLiNRPLjiLiÀÁ xmsLjixtsQ»R½Vòƒ«s NSbdPaRPV+ÍÜxqsgjiLji. ry*„sV gkiLS*ßáÆØxtsQÍÜ[ ƒ«sVxmsƒ«sùzqsLi¿RÁV¿RÁV ""Aµj…aRPLiNRPLRiË³ÏÁgRiª«s»yöµR…VÌÁ FyµR…xmsµR…øª«sVVÌÁ ®ƒsÌýÁLRiV xmspÑÁLiÀÁLji. ªyLRiV ®µ…[aRPª«sVVƒ«s »R½xmsöV²R…VzqsµôðyLi»R½ª«sVVÌÁƒ«sVƒ«sWøÖÁLiÀÁ xqs»R½ù úxms¼½uîyxmsƒ«sÂ¿Á[zqsƒ«s ª«sV¥¦¦¦ƒ«sVË³Øª«soÌÁV. ÇÁgRiµæR…VLRiVª«soÌÁV. ªyLjiªy¬sgS ª«sWNRPV „dsVLkig_LRiª«sª«sVV ¬sÀÁèLRi¬s Ë³Ø„sLi»R½Vª«sVV. 1936 ®ªs[V 6ƒ«s \®ªsaSÅÁxmspLñjiª«sV. xmspLkixqs„dsVxmsª«sVVƒ«s ª«sVx¤¦Ü[µR…µ³k…ryõƒ«sª«sVV ry*„sV Â¿Á[zqsLji. 9ª«s ¾»½[µk…ƒ«s ƒ¯NRP xmsLi²T…»R½ xmsLjixtsQ»yöQûLRiLiË³Ü[»R½=ª«sª«sVVƒ«sV ry*„sV Â¿Á[zqsLji. ª«s¹¸…Wª«sXµôðR…VÌÁV ¿yÍØª«sVLiµj… LiVVxmsöÉÓÁry*„sV µR…LRi+ƒ«s ®ªs[V‡Áµj…ª«s»R½=LRiª«sVVÌÁúNTPLiµR…ÈÁ ƒ«sLRiVª«sµj…\¹¸…VµR…ª«s {mshS¿yLRiVùÌÁV ª«sV¥¦¦¦®µ…[®ªs[LiúµR… xqsLRixqs*¼d½ry*„sVªyLji ry¬sõµ³R…ùª«sVV®ƒs[ »R½ÌÁzmsLixms ÛÇÁ[¸R…VV¿RÁVƒ«sõµR…¬sLji. ª«sVLRiÌÁ ƒ«sLRiVª«sµj…¹¸…V¬s„sVµR…ª«s ¸R…W¿yLRiùxqs¬sõµ³j… }qsªyË³ØgRiùª«sVV gRiÌÁªyLRiV„dsLRigRiVÈÁ ¸R…VxqsµR…XaRP xmsoßáù„sZaP[xtsQ xmnsÌÁª«sV¬sLji.

ÀÁÌÁNRP xqsLRiM úFyLi»R½ xqsLi¿yLRiª«sVV ¿yÌÁ NRPxtísQ»R½LRi\®ªsVƒ«sµj…, Fs¾»^½Qòƒ«s xmsLRi*»R½ª«sVVÌÁV, µR…ÈíÁ\®ªsVƒ«s ¸R…V²R…ª«soÌÁV, ¬sxqsVNRP ¼½xmsöÌÁ ¸R…VWxqsLRi ZOP[QQú»R½ª«sVVÌÁV µyÈÁª«sÛÍÁƒ«sV. µj…ƒ«sª«sVVƒ«sNRPV ¬sLRiVª«sµj…\¹¸…VµR…V \®ªsVÎÏÁþ ¿]xmsöVƒ«s ƒ«s²R…ÀÁ ¸R…W¿yLRiù ry*„sV xmsLjiªyLRiª«sVV»][ 1936 ®ªs[V 17ƒ«s ¿³RÁú»R½xmsoLRiª«sVV Â¿Á[LRiVN]¬sLji. Bµj… xqsª«sVVúµR… ¼d½LRiª«sVVƒ«s xqsLRixqsV=ƒ«sNRPV µR…OTPQßá Ë³ØgRiª«sVVƒ«sNRPV ÀÁª«sLRigRiÌÁµR…V. Aµj…aRPLiNRPLRiVÌÁ ®µ…[ª«sÎÏÁ„sVLiµR…V NRPÌÁµR…V. ÇÁÙ\ÛÍÁ 4ƒ«s ƒyLRiLiË³ÏÁ##\®ªsVƒ«s ¿y»R½VLSøxqsù úª«s»R½ª«sVV ‡ÁL>RiLixmsoLRiª«sVVƒ«s ÇÁLjigjiƒ«sµj…. @Ní][‡ÁLRiVÍÜ[ „sÇÁ¸R…Vƒ«sgRiLRiª«sVVƒ«s ƒ«sª«sLS»R½VûQù»R½=ª«sª«sVVÌÁV ¬sLRi*z¤¦¦¦Lixms ‡Á²T…ƒ«s„s. @Ní][‡ÁLRiV 31ƒ«s ƒ¯NRP ª«sV¥¦¦¦xqsË³ÏÁÍÜ[ ry*„sV ¸R…V\®µ…Q*»R½ª«sVVƒ«sV gRiWLjiè úxmsxmsLiÀÁLiÀÁLji. x¤¦¦¦Ljix¤¦¦¦LRiÛË³Á[µR…ª«sVV ÛÍÁ[µR…¬s¸R…VV, xqsª«sVLóRi LSª«sVµyxqsV¬s ª«sLiÉÓÁ ª«sV¥¦¦¦ ¹¸…WgRiVÌÁV x¤¦¦¦Ljix¤¦¦¦LS\®µ…Q*»R½ ª«sWLæSª«sÌÁLi‡Áƒ«sª«sVVƒ«s »R½LjiLiÀÁ LRi¬s¸R…VV „sª«sLjiLiÀÁLji, ÇìØƒ«s ª«sWLæRi gSª«sVVÌÁV ÒÁª«s ú‡Áx¤¦¦¦øQ\®µ…Q*»R½ úFyzmsò ƒ«sLiµR…VµR…VLRiV. ÇìØƒ¯[Fyxqsƒy ª«sWLæRiª«sVVÌÁ lLiLi²T…ÉÓÁNTP¬s ÌÁORPQQù ®ªsVVNRPÛÉÁ[¸R…V¬s ry*„sV xqsö{tísQNRPLjiLiÀÁLji.

ALiúµ³R…ÍÜ[ zqsLi¥¦¦¦¿RÁÌÁ ZOP[QQú»R½ª«sVVxmsoLS»R½ƒ«s¸R…Wú»y ZNP[LiúµR…ª«sVV. ª«sVƒ¯[x¤¦¦¦LRi\®ªsVƒ«s zqsLi¥¦¦¦úµj…\|ms ª«sLSx¤¦¦¦ ƒ«sLRizqsLix¤¦¦¦ry*„sV ®ƒsÌÁN]¬s ¸R…VVƒyõLRiV. 1936 ƒ«sª«sLi‡ÁLRiV 4ƒ«s \®µ…ª«s µR…LRi+ƒ«sª«sVV Â¿Á[zqsN]¬s ry*„sV gRiLigSµ³yLS ÇÁÌÁFy»R½ xqs„dsVxmsª«sVVƒ«s N]Li»R½}qsxmso µ³yùƒ«sª«sVVƒ«s gRi²T…zmsLji. ª«sVW²R…V L][ÇÁÙÌÁ »R½LS*»R½ „saSÅÁxmsÈíÁßáª«sVV Â¿Á[LjiLji. Bµj… lLi[ª«soxmsÈíÁßáª«sVV. C úFyLi»R½ xqsLi¿yLSƒ«sLi»R½LRiª«sVV g][µyª«sLki úFyLi»R½Li xmsLRiùÉÓÁLiÀÁLji. 1937 ¿y»R½VLSøxqsù úª«s»R½ª«sVV FyÌÁN]ÌýÁVƒ«s ÇÁLjigjiƒ«sµj…. @NRPä²R… ƒ«sVLi²T… LSÇÁª«sV}¤¦¦¦LiúµR…ª«sLRiª«sVV Â¿Á[LjiLji. Bµj… g_»R½„dsV ¼d½LRiª«sVVƒ«s gRiÌÁµR…V. 1938 ÇÁƒ«sª«sLji 31 ª«sVx¤¦Ü[µR…¸R…V ª«sV¥¦¦¦xmsLRi*ª«sVV A¿yLRiùry*„sV NSNTPƒy²R… xqsLiúµR…ª«sVVƒ«s xmsLRi*ryõƒ«sª«sW¿RÁLjiLiÀÁLji. »R½LS*»R½ NRPXuñy gRiVLiÈÁWLRiV ®ƒsÌýÁWLRiV ª«sVLi²R…ÌÁª«sVVÌÁ xmsLRiùÈÁƒ«s ÇÁLjigjiƒ«sµj…. „sÇÁ¸R…V ªyÉÓÁNRPÍÜ[ NRPXuñy ryõƒ«sª«sVV Â¿Á[zqsLji. 1938 ¿y»R½VLSøxqsùúª«s»R½ª«sVV gRiVLiÈÁWLRiVƒ«s ÇÁLRiVxms‡Á²T…ƒ«